THE RECONSTRUCTION OF KAIDAH AL-TAZKÎR AND AL-TA’NÎS  IN PARADIGM OF GENDER EQUALITY INTERPRETATION

The rules of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs\ (masculinity and femininity) formulated by classical interpretation don’t adhere to the principle of equality. This is triggered by exclusivity of men as a necessity of applying these rules, which causes superiority of male (muzakkar) and inferiority of women (mu'annas). This paper aims to illustrate the rules of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs in the classical period, how the current reconstruction was, and what motives inspired the reconstruction. With Thomas Kuhn's theory of scientific revolution, this literature research finds that the rule of al-taz\kîr and al-ta'nîs\ was originally adopted from Arabic grammar, and it’s full of male superiority. Then, experiencing a shift, which was initially partial because it was only oriented towards language, into a theory of equality with its various forms that were more responsive to women. The theories chronologically include maqasid musawah (Ibn 'Ashur, w. 1973), the reciprocal theory of the Prophet's hadith (Abu Shuqqah, w. 1995), and Qira'ah Mubadalah (Faqihuddin Abdul Kodir). In addition, the motive for this shift is that the rule of al-tazkîr and al-ta'nîs is unable to answer the problem of gender inequality, so reconstruction efforts need to be carried out..

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Instrumenty polityki równości płci w kontekście sytuacji w Polsce

10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.16.5 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 88-109

Author(s):

Wiktoria Domagała

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

United Nations ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Equal Opportunities ◽

The European Union ◽

The United Nations

The article undertakes the issue of gender equality policies in the context of its indicators. The main purpose of the paper is to identify the areas of gender inequality, its scale and determinants. Firstly, the article presents the legislation of gender equality policies – its main objectives. Next, the paper discusses indicators that were implemented by organisations such as the Organisation of the United Nations and the European Union. These selected indicators are presented, taking into account the situation in Poland. In conclusion, the paper highlights the main obstacles to the pursuit of equal opportunities for women and men in Poland.

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Islam, Gender, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective

10.1093/oso/9780198788553.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

Comparative Literature ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Women's Rights ◽

Women’S Rights ◽

Muslim Countries ◽

And Gender ◽

Shed Light

This volume reframes the debate around Islam and women’s rights within a broader comparative literature. It examines the complex and contingent historical relationships between religion, secularism, democracy, law, and gender equality. Part I addresses the nexus of religion, law, gender, and democracy through different disciplinary perspectives (sociology, anthropology, political science, law). Part II localizes the implementation of this nexus between law, gender, and democracy, and provides contextualized responses to questions raised in Part I. The contributors explore the situation of Muslim women’s rights vis-à-vis human rights to shed light on gender politics in the modernization of the nation and to ponder over the role of Islam in gender inequality across different Muslim countries.

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How Do Women Overcome Gender Inequality by Forming Small-Scale Cooperatives? The Case of the Agricultural Sector in Uganda

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041797 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1797

Author(s):

Amber Theeuwen ◽

Valérie Duplat ◽

Christopher Wickert ◽

Brian Tjemkes

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Family Business ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Small Scale ◽

Business Relationships ◽

Female Farmers

In Uganda, the agricultural sector contributes substantially to gross domestic product. Although the involvement of Ugandan women in this sector is extensive, female farmers face significant obstacles, caused by gendering that impedes their ability to expand their family business and to generate incomes. Gender refers to social or cultural categories by which women–men relationships are conceived. In this study, we aim to investigate how gendering influences the development of business relationships in the Ugandan agricultural sector. To do so, we employed a qualitative–inductive methodology to collect unique data on the rice and cassava sectors. Our findings reveal at first that, in the agricultural sector in Uganda, inter-organization business relationships (i.e., between non-family actors) are mostly developed by and between men, whereas intra-organization business relationships with family members are mostly developed by women. We learn that gendering impedes women from developing inter-organization business relationships. Impediments for female farmers include their restricted mobility, the lack of trust by men, their limited freedom in communication, household duties, and responsibilities for farming activities up until sales. Our findings also reveal that these impediments to developing inter-organization business relationships prevent female farmers from being empowered and from attainting economic benefits for the family business. In this context, the results of our study show that grouping in small-scale cooperatives offers female farmers an opportunity to overcome gender inequality and to become economically emancipated. Thanks to these cooperatives, women can develop inter-organization relationships with men and other women and gain easier access to financial resources. Small-scale cooperatives can alter gendering in the long run, in favor of more gender equality and less marginalization of women. Our study responds to calls for more research on the informal economy in developing countries and brings further understanding to the effect of gendering in the Ugandan agricultural sector. We propose a theoretical framework with eight propositions bridging gendering, business relationship development, and empowerment and economic benefits. Our framework serves as a springboard for policy implications aimed at fostering gender equality in informal sectors in developing countries.

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Moving from problems to solutions: A review of gender equality interventions at work using an ecological systems approach

10.31234/osf.io/cy63n ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vienne Wing-yan Lau ◽

Veronica Scott ◽

Meg Aum Warren ◽

Michelle Bligh

Keyword(s):

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Systems Approach ◽

Ecological Systems ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Feminist Literature ◽

Gender Parity ◽

Future Research Directions

Despite the mounting research on gender inequality in the workplace, progress toward gender parity in organizational practice has stalled. We suggest that one reason for the lack of progress is that empirical research has predominately focused on the antecedents and manifestations of gender inequality in the workplace, paying inadequate attention to the solutions that could potentially improve gender equality and women’s experiences at work. Indeed, we report here that less than 5% of the relevant studies published in preeminent management, psychology, and diversity journals since the turn of the century identify practical interventions for solving gender inequality in organizations. To advance gender equality at work, we argue that a paradigm shift from problem to solution is critical and urgent. Using ecological systems theory (EST; Bronfenbrenner, 1977) as our guiding framework, we present an integrative review of gender equality interventions spanning across the management, psychology, and feminist literature over the past two decades at the ontogenic system, interpersonal microsystem, and organizational microsystem levels of analysis. We subsequently provide an overview of domains not currently addressed in extant research – meso-, macro-, and chronosystems – and identify future research directions to spur progress towards workplace gender equality.

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Attitude of Individuals First Entering Labour Market to the Implementation of Equality of Treatment Principle in Labour Relations

Internal Security ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0015.6529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 3-4

Author(s):

Eglė Štareikė ◽

Ugnė Alaburdaitė

Keyword(s):

Labour Market ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Professional Practice ◽

Legal Regulation ◽

Natural Phenomenon ◽

Public Security ◽

Labour Relations ◽

Treatment Principle ◽

Scientific Doctrine

By invoking scientific doctrine, legal regulations and official statistics, the paper aims at assessing the actual position of females and males in labour relations in Lithuania as well as identifying the problems of the legal regulation of gender equality. The survey conducted among MRU Public Security Academy students was dedicated to disclosing the perceptions of individuals first entering the labour market about (in)equality in labour relations and experiences in the course of professional practice. To attain these objectives, certain goals were set: analysis of multiple layers of the concept of equality, legal regulation of the principle of gender equality and its inclusion in labour relations and statutory service. Furthermore, the present paper considered various trends and patterns in the implementation of the gender equality principle in labour relations, based on the analysis of the data of the Office of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsperson. Empirical research was carried out to assess the experience of students who had their professional practice in police headquarters in terms of gender inequality. Based on the performed survey that involved the students of MRU Public Security Academy, it should be concluded that the majority of students did not understand the different behaviours that could violate an individual’s rights in terms of the equality of men and women. When responding to certain questions, the majority of respondents indicated that gender inequality in Lithuania existed only to the extent it occurred naturally; however, when responding to other questions, the majority stated that there were numerous situations during their practice when they experienced discrimination (i.e. preferential treatment of one of the genders, abuse due to gender etc.). This can lead to the conclusion that violations of gender equality committed on certain grounds are perceived as a natural phenomenon resulting from natural differences between the sexes and because of this, certain flawed behaviour is justified. This results in fewer opportunities for individuals to report violations to responsible institutions and thus ensure the protection of their rights as well as to share their experiences with other individuals and, as a result, educate them.

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Desigualdad de género en las carreras STEM en el Uruguay. Construyendo cultura y registros: la experiencia en Institut Pasteur de Montevideo con InMujeres (Uruguay)=Gender inequality in STEM careers in Uruguay. Building culture and records: the experience at the Institut Pasteur de Montevideo with InMujeres (Uruguay)

Cuestiones de género de la igualdad y la diferencia ◽

10.18002/cg.v0i15.6171 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 143

Author(s):

Victoria Prieto-Echagüe

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Cultural Changes ◽

Policy Tool ◽

Participation Of Women ◽

Politica Publica ◽

Building Culture ◽

Equality Problem ◽

Las Mujeres

ResumenEn el Uruguay la participación global en la investigación es paritaria, aunque las mujeres tienen una participación minoritaria en los ámbitos de decisión. Se reportan aquí indicadores para visibilizar el problema de desigualdad de género en la ciencia como un problema público. Se analizan las consecuencias y causas de este problema y se proponen lineamientos para una política pública de igualdad enfocada en atender las necesidades estratégicas de género. Finalmente, se describe la experiencia de un instituto de investigación con la aplicación de una herramienta de política pública de igualdad de género diseñada para promover cambios culturales en las organizaciones. Esta u otra herramienta auditable podría convertirse en un pilar fundamental de una política pública de igualdad en la ciencia. AbstractIn Uruguay, global participation of women in research is equal, although they do not have equal participation in decision-making spaces. Here I report inidcators that show a gap in women participation and visibilize a gender equality problem in science and academia. The consequences and causes of this problem are analyzed and guidelines are proposed for a public equality policy focused on addressing the strategic gender needs. Finally, I describe the experience of a research institute with the application of a gender equality public policy tool designed to promote and bring about cultural changes in organizations. This or a similar auditable tool could become a fundamental pillar for a public policy of equality in science.

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How rankings disguise gender inequality: A comparative analysis of cross-country gender equality rankings based on adjusted wage gaps

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0241107 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (11) ◽

pp. e0241107

Author(s):

Karolina Goraus Tanska ◽

Joanna Tyrowicz ◽

Lucas Augusto van der Velde

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Wage Gaps ◽

Cross Country

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KEWENANGAN DAN KEDUDUKAN PEREMPUAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF GENDER: SUATU ANALISIS TINJAUAN HISTORIS

Marwah Jurnal Perempuan Agama dan Jender ◽

10.24014/marwah.v17i1.4515 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 42

Author(s):

Hendri Hermawan Adinugraha ◽

Asep Suraya Maulana ◽

Mila Sartika

Keyword(s):

Content Analysis ◽

Data Processing ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Political Life ◽

Classical Period ◽

Gender Perspective ◽

Historical Approach ◽

Analysis Techniques ◽

Unequal Treatment ◽

Library Research

The purpose of this study is to describe the authority and position of women in a gender perspective with an analysis based on a historical approach. This type of research was library research by using content analysis techniques in data processing. The results of this study has been shown that in pre-Islamic era in the Arab Jahiliyyah culture, women received unequal treatment with men (not indicating gender equality). But after Islam came, the teachings of Islam raised the dignity of women, which distinguishes women and men by Allah only the value of his piety. In the classical period (the prophet’s period), women have an important role in all aspects of life, such as in the field of transmission of hadith, war, commerce, and so forth. In the mid-period (Islamic dynasties period), women began to have an important role in political life and state.

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PERSEPSI PEMUKA AGAMA TERHADAP BIAS GENDER DITINJAU DARI LATAR BELAKANG SUKU

Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies ◽

10.30821/jcims.v1i1.321 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dahlia Lubis

Keyword(s):

Ethnic Group ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Studies ◽

Gender Bias ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Field Studies ◽

Research Data ◽

Religious Leaders ◽

Muslim Community

Abstrak: keberadaan berbagai kajian dan literatur tentang gender tidak serta merta merubah pandangan masyarakat tentang keadilan gender. Sebab, kajian gender tetapi memiliki pendukung dan penentang. Ada pendapat bahwa kajian gender berupaya merubah ajaran agama itu sendiri. Dalam kajian gender selama ini, ditemukan banyak pihak yang ikut berkontribusi bagi muncul dan berkembangnya paham yang bias gender dalam masyarakat Muslim, khususnya di Indonesia. Di antara pihak yang bertanggungjawab terhadap kelestarian paham yang diskriminatif terhadap perempuan adalah para pemuka agama yang diwakili oleh para ustaz dan ustazah dimana mereka memainkan peran sebagai penyampai ajaran agama kepada masyarakat Muslim. Artikel ini mengkaji pandangan para ustaz dan ustazah terhadap ketidakadilan gender yang dilihat dari latar belakang suku masing-masing, sehingga akan terungkap perihal adakah kaitan antara latar belakang suku seorang ustaz dan ustazah terhadap persepsi mereka tentang ketidakadilan gender. Didasari oleh studi lapangan, dimana data penelitian diperoleh dari angket dan wawancara, kajian ini menemukan bahwa masih ditemukannya pemahaman bias gender dalam persepsi ustaz dan ustazah di kota Medan. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi kajian gender di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: ustaz, ustazah, ketidakadilan, gender, suku Abstract: The Perception of Islamic Preachers about Gender Bias Reviewed From Ethnic Group Backgrounds. The existence of various studies and literature on gender does not automatically change the society's opinion about gender equality. As such, supporters and opponents of the idea are readily found. One opinion goes as far as saying that gender studies try to alter the teachings of religion itself. In the gender studies has been found that many contributed to the emergence and development of gender biased ideology in Muslim societies, especially in Indonesia. Among those responsible to discriminatory preservation of women are religious leaders who are represented by ustaz and ustazah where they play the role of religious teachings to the Muslim community. This article examines the opinions of ustaz and ustazah on gender inequality realized from the background of each ethnic group, so it will be revealed about whether there is a link between ethnic background of an ustaz and ustazah to their perception of gender injustice. Based on field studies, where the research data was obtained from questionnaires and interviews, this study found that there is an understanding of gender bias in ustaz and ustazah perceptions in Medan city. This study is expected to contribute to gender studies in Indonesia. Keywords: ustaz, ustazah, injustice, gender, ethnic group

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KEPRIBADIAN WANITA JAWA DALAM SERAT SULUK RESIDRIYA DAN SERAT WULANG PUTRI KARYA PAKU BUWONO IX

LITERA ◽

10.21831/ltr.v13i1.1907 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Harti Widyastuti

Keyword(s):

Qualitative Research ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Research Design ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Equal Rights ◽

Men And Women ◽

Qualitative Research Design ◽

And Gender

This study aims to describe Javanese women’s personality in the perspective of feminism and gender equality and inequality in Serat Suluk Residriya and Serat Wulang Putri. It employed the qualitative research design and modern philology. The findings are as follows. Javanese women’s personality in Serat Suluk Residriya includes their images. Gender inequality in Serat Suluk Residriya includes subordination, woman stereotype, rights to use but not to possess, women as sexual objects, and polygamy. Gender inequality in Serat Wulang Putri shows that women must have a lot of children. Gender equality in Sera Wulang Putrishows that men and women have equal rights to be ascetic, knowledgeable, skillful, brave and great, and wealthy.

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