STUDY ON TOURISM MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION OF VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK LANDSCAPE IN RWANDA

Purpose: National Park Landscape management approaches designed at governmental level do not necessarily represent the all-important stakeholder’s involvements as consequence sustainable management and protection couldn’t be achieved. The purpose the study was to investigate how selected stakeholders describe the current situation about the management and protection of VNPL, how they participate in tourism management and protection of VNPL, what perceived benefits from tourism and what it can be done to improve management and protection of VNPL. Methodology: Quantitative research methods have been used and purposive sampling technique has been applied whereby specific criteria to select respondents from local residents and local authorities in four districts of North-West province of Rwanda were considered. Findings: After analyzing collected data through closed and partial pre-coding questionnaires, the study found that there is lack of knowledge of residents about how they can involve in maintaining the sustainability of VNPL, lack of residents involvement in decision-making, less interaction opportunities between park’s stakeholders and interest conflicts over resources between VNP stakeholders. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study suggests re-designing of VNPL management and protection policies, Increasing Tourism Investment and MSMEs in the region, Linking sustainable tourism and sustainable food systems, improving communication with local community and Adopting evidence-based rural tourism mechanism

EFFECT OF COVID 19 ON THE PERFORMANCE OF TOURISM INDUSTRY.A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Purpose: Among all segments in the economy, tourism is one of the main sectors which impact the economy as many governments impose travel restrictions, travel bans, shutting down airports, and mass passenger cancellations The pandemic has forced people to use their retirement funds early as they needed to make a living. The general objective of the study was to examine effect of Covid 19 on the performance of tourism industry. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study concluded that the Coronavirus puts a furrow on the tourism industry. Many domestic and international Airlines Companies are forced to cancel their flights from and to other countries due to insufficient tourist as the people are becoming panicked for the spread of this harmful virus. Revenues from the tourist industries has got a bit lowered as no individuals are traveling to visit tourist destinations as all flights are being canceled . It has also showcased the ultimate harm it created on the economy of the country and the globe at the same time. It is being thought that the impact will continue for some more time and that is of much more concern in recent time Recommendations: The study recommends that tourism industry stakeholders should be ready for post-corona environment. There are different scenarios on when the industry will recover, what new challenges and standards will be imposed, who are more likely to travel which products and services will disappear and transform. Hence the stakeholders should be able to create different action plans for each scenario to be put into action after recovery. Destination image shall also be re-positioned based on safety, health and cleanliness. All stakeholders should also make sure they have a risk and crises management plan and a strong financial structure to improve their resilience in the future.

Effect of Post-Election Violence on the Perfomance of Tourism Industry. A Critical Literature Review

Purpose: A free and transparent electioneering process ideally shuns violence, 21 corruption and other vices encouraging the flourishing of economic activities including tourism leading to a vibrant tourism sector. The general objective of the study was to examine effect of post-election violence on the performance of tourism industry in Kenya. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study concluded that election violence affects movement of people within the country, people movements are restricted during the campaigns, local and international members of the fourth estate give prominence to negative news during this period scaring both domestic and international tourist’s arrivals and that people prefer staying in familiar places and fear travelling when there is election violence. Recommendations: The study recommends that the Kenyan security infrastructure should regain civilian confidence: by cultivating citizen-police relations to tame the prevailing account of fear and apathy. This can be worked on and transformed into more justifiable national confidence on the security agencies and a platform created for mutual engagement. This relationship is crucial in helping the security agencies in controlling crime and being able to mitigate the security challenges arising during elections. This way the tourism industry will benefit in terms of enjoying a peaceful environment before, during and after general elections in the country. Once this relationship is built on trust, the police will be able to manage effectively all issues

Effect of Terrorism on the Performance of Tourism Industry. A Critical Literature Review

Purpose: Global Tourism destinations provide different products which satisfy tourists with different interests, needs and wants. The general objective of the study was to examine effect of terrorism on the performance of tourism industry. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study concludes relevant governments should face the fact that terrorist attacks provoke a substitution effect on destination choice behaviors. Tourists will replace destinations considered unsafe due to terrorist threats with others considered safer. The physical distance of the tourists' home countries and their cultural and socio-economic traits influence this replacement behavior. Given the randomness of terrorist attacks, relevant governments should be prepared to alter quickly their marketing strategy, namely their market targeting strategies and promotion campaigns to prevent substitution effect and lack low returns from the tourism industry Recommendations: The study recommends that relevant governments in dealing with the root causes of terrorism should also denounce the terrorists considering their acts as criminal acts just like others. The tourism stakeholders should increase efficiency in law enforcement, prosecution of terrorist suspects, by improving intelligence gathering and the police should be effectively trained to deal with terrorism incidences. The covert nature of terrorism often precludes an easy analysis of their capabilities or intent, therefore, giving them an advantage of lying in wait and striking when least expected; thus, the government counterterrorism should be proactive

EFFECT OF CIVIL WAR ON THE PERFOMANCE OF TOURISM INDUSTRY IN AFRICA .A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

Purpose: The tourism industry is playing an increasingly important role in the global economy, contributing 5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), 30 percent of service exports, and 235 million jobs. The general objective of the study was to examine effect of civil war on the performance of tourism industry in Africa. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study concluded tourists will not travel to countries or areas within large countries where they feel threatened. Some relatively recent examples are the 11 September 2001 events in the United States, the bombing in Bali on 12 October 2002 and the Iraq war of March 2003 (and ongoing). When such events occur, there is an immediate and often massive dislocation to country and regional travel affecting performance of Africa Tourism Recommendations: The study recommends that tourism managers should focus on the value of their product to be competitive in the international market. Tourism managers in Africa should garnering strong political support for tourism at a high level in government. The study recommends that tourism managers should focus on the value of their product to be competitive in the international market. Tourism managers in Africa should garnering strong political support for tourism at a high level in government

Effect of Regulation on Curbing Over tourism in East Africa. A Critical Literature Review

Purpose: Over tourism irritates local people especially in rural areas. Over tourism has sparked a backlash by the local community especially by increasing the costs of living in their cities. The general objective of the study was to examine effect of regulation on curbing over tourism in East Africa Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: From the findings identified, and the literature reviewed, the concept of tourism sustainability can be construed to be the preservation of natural capital, economic and socio-cultural ecosystems within a three-pillar model that defines the three dimensions of sustainability. This integrated approach to sustainable tourism development is key in efforts to achieve sustainable tourism development in Africa. The concept of regulations to curb overtourism in East Africa has brought striking paradoxes for destination marketers and destination planners alike. Recommendations: The study recommends that there is need to develop a national framework for identifying the physical, ecological, socio-cultural and economic limits and the carrying capacity of visitor activity or tourism development at a given tourism area and time. Institute and enforce tourism regulations and policies to ensure that the physical, social and ecological impacts of overtourism are addressed in East Africa. Enforce tourism certification as a means for advocating for tourism sustainability within the East Africa region