Persistent Cutaneous Discharging Sinus, A Diagnostic Dialema. Case Report and Literature Review

Paper describes a case of persistent cutaneous discharging sinus after multiple failed surgeries. Different diagnostic modalities were used to determine the cause of discharging sinus. Description of the diagnosis and surgical procedure is present with literature review.

Quantitative Assessment of Oral Hygiene Habits of 12-15 years old school children of Hayatabad Peshawar: Pilot study

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the oral hygiene habits of school children aged 12 to 15 years.Materials and methods: A pilot study with a cross sectional study design was conducted to assess the oral hygiene habits. Atotal of 125 school children aged 12-15 years participated in the study. A written informed consent was obtained from the schooland participants before participation in the study. An interviewer-administered calibrated questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was statistically analyzed with SPSS version 25 and descriptive statistics were used to present data.Results: Out of the total, majority of participants were of aged 12 years (45%) followed by 13(33%), 14(17%) and 15(6%),respectively with equal gender distribution. Nearly half of school children brushed their teeth frequently twice a day (46%),almost 37.6% brushed once a day and one-tenth of children did not brush their teeth at all. Almost three-quarter of childrenbrushed before (38%) and after (35%) breakfast. Forty-nine percent of children preferred soft bristled toothbrush, while 28% used medium type and 23% used hard bristled toothbrush for cleaning teeth, respectively. Majority of school children usedtoothpaste as cleaning agent (87%).All the children changed their toothbrushes with highest percentage changing after onemonth (84%). Majority children (84%) never flossed their teeth. More children had never visited dentist than those who visited.Conclusion: Children had limited oral health knowledge which was reason for their unsatisfactory oral hygiene habits.

Applicability of Moyers’ Prediction Table in Orthodontic Patients Reporting to KCD Peshawar Population

Objectives: The aim behind this research, is to determine the applicability of Moyers’ table in Peshawar population.Materials and Methods: A total 100 patients’ casts how had complete details in their files, who were Pakistani nationals, having complete set of permanent teeth upto 1st molar, no proximal restorations and caries were included. Patients having dentalanomalies, previous orthodontic treatment, craniomandibular dysfunctions, attritions of teeth and Syndromes were excluded.The mesiodistal widths of the maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors, canines, first and second premolars were measured using digital calipers. The predicted total, of the mesiodistal diameters of the canines and premolars, was evaluated from the Moyers tables at 75%. Pearson's correlation test was applied, to determine the relationship between the total sum of the actualwidth of the canines and premolars and the sum of the predicted width of the canines and premolars from the Moyers table.Analysis was performed by SPSS version 20.0.Results: Most of participants were females 63(63%) as compared to males 37(37%). In maxilla the mean actual (23.76mm) andpredicted mesiodistal width(22.76mm) of cupids and bicuspids were close to each other. But the correlation between actual and predicted mesiodistal width of cupids and bicuspids in maxilla was weak. It was weak in female (r=0.156). In mandible for male the correlation was positive as well (r=0.8130) but it was weak for females (r=0.334). moderate correlation was found for overall .Conclusion: Moyer's prediction table is not a very precise method for estimating tooth dimensions in a Peshawar-based sample.

Association of low vitamin B12 in Trigeminal Neuralgia Patients Visiting Peshawar Dental College

Background: Vitamin B12 is also known as cobalamin and is a hydrophilic vitamin, it is involved in metabolism of every cell of the body. It is a cofactor in DNA synthesis RNA, hormones, proteins, and lipids, and in both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Low levels of serum vitamin B12 may trigger pain in patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia. Methylcobalamin, a form of Vitamin B12, protects against neurological diseases and aging. Mauro showed that high doses of methylcobalamin are needed to regenerate neurons as well as the myelin sheath that protects nerve axons and the peripheral nerves.Objective: The prime focus of this study was to report the frequency of low serum Vitamin B12 level in Identified Trigeminal Neuralgia patients visiting Peshawar Dental College and Hospital and to find the effect of gender on low serum vitamin B12 levels.Methods: A total of 90 known trigeminal neuralgia patients seeking treatment at the Department of Oral Medicine, Peshawar Dental College and Hospital were enrolled. All patients were advised to carry out serum Vitamin B12 level in laboratory. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 19. The statistical significance was set up at p <0.05.Results: Out of 90 known trigeminal neuralgia patients, 58.8% were females and 41.1% were males. 43.3% females and 27.0%males had low serum Vitamin B12 levels. No statistical significant difference between gender and low serum vitamin B12 level was found.Conclusions: Study confirms that gender has no effect on low serum levels of B12 in trigeminal neuralgia patients and a highproportion of trigeminal neuralgia patients had a low serum vitamin B12 levels.

The Detrimental Impact of Smoking on Periodontal Health: A Comparative Study

Objectives: To evaluate the detrimental impact of smoking on oral health.Methodology: A Cross sectional comparative study was carried out on 100 patients, 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers, visitingSharif Medical and Dental College, Lahore from June 2019 to July 2020. Intra-oral examination was done using the CommunityPeriodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN). Recorded data was coded, entered and analyzed using SPSS statistical Packageversion 23.ResultsThe periodontal health was significantly associated with status of smoking (p=0.001). The most prevalent periodontal problemsof smokers were periodontal pockets of 4 to 5 mm (19%) while the least (4%) had bleeding on probing. Majority of the nonsmokers(32%) had bleeding on probing. The number of cigarettes smoked in a day and periodontal health status weresignificantly associated (p=0.004). Light smokers (1 to 10 cigarettes/day) had periodontal pockets of 4 to 5mm as their biggestperiodontal problems (38%) while the least (8%) had bleeding on probing. The periodontal problem that intermittent smokers(11 to 15 cigarettes/day) predominantly had was periodontal pockets of 6 mm or more (8%) and same was the case with heavysmokers (2%).Conclusion: The main periodontal problem of smokers was periodontal pockets of 4 to 5 mm while the least was bleeding onprobing. Most of the non-smokers had bleeding on probing while none of the non-smokers had periodontal pockets. Lightsmokers (1 to 10 cigarettes/day) mainly had periodontal pockets of 4 to 5mm as their main concern. The periodontal problemthat intermittent and heavy smokers mainly had were periodontal pockets of 6 mm or more.

General Awareness and Acceptance of Dental Implants in Patients Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital

acceptance of dental implants in patients attending a tertiary care hospital.Methods: It was a cross sectional study conducted in Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore from March 2018 to August 2018. Study was conducted after the ethical approval from Institutional Review Board of Fatima Memorial Hospital. A total of three hundred and three patients attending a tertiary care hospital were given the questionnaire after an informed consent including 20questions regarding general awareness of dental implants and the level of acceptance in patients. The data was summarized and analyzed on Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Appropriate Descriptive inferential statistics wereperformed.Results: Amongst 303 patients 142(47%) were males and 161(53%) were females with an age range of 18 to 64 years. Majority of study respondents were undergraduate: 166(54.8%) followed by graduate: 102(33.7%). Among our patients 188(62%) were aware of dental implant and main source of information regarding dental implant was their dentist 126(57.8%) followed by internet search 33(15.1%). The patients who were willing for dental implant treatment were 128(42.2%) while the majorhindrance for not opting a dental implant treatment was high cost of the treatment.Conclusion: The patients attending a tertiary care hospital have moderate level of awareness regarding dental implants.Awareness was higher specifically in people who were more educated and belonging to a younger age group. Creating moreawareness amongst patients regarding the pros and cons of dental implants can help in eliminating any negative image of the treatment.