A Brief Rationale for MMT Arguments

In this note we examine MMT (Modern Monetary Theory) arguments by a simple macroeconomic model without microeconomic foundation. Mainly we will show the following results. 1) In the underemployment case the national income is determined by the budget deficit. 2) In the full employment case we can define the budget deficit which is necessary and sufficient to achieve full employment. 3) The excessive budget deficit causes inflation. 4) We need budget deficit to achieve and maintain full employment under economic growth. 5) We can recover recession by the budget deficit which is larger than that when full employment is maintained. Also, we show that the budget deficit equals the increase in the savings between generations.

Mosques as Bases in Scientific Flourishing Movement During the Lifetime of the Prophet (PBUH) and the Two-Rightly-Guided Caliphs

Scientific movement in Islam commenced with the revelation of the first verses of Quran to the Prophet (PBUH) when He was ordered to Read. Then his divine mission, particularly, scientific one was started. The sacred places for fulfilling his scientific mission were mosques built by him and his companions in Mecca and Medina as well as other cities throughout Islamic territory.Unlike other temples, mosques from their early establishment played numerous functions like ritual, political, social, and educational ones, hence, the Prophet (PBUH) and His companions paid most attention to teach their followers and made them familiar with Quran and Islamic sciences in sacred places, mosques. The aim of the paper is to discuss scientific activities performed in different mosques during the lifetime of the Prophet (PBUH) and the first two- Rightly-Guided Caliphs.

The East-West Ideological Struggle and the Politics of African Decolonization in the United Nations: Historical Analysis

The history of African decolonization discourses in the United Nations (UN) in the 20th century was replete with vested interests under the guise of moral concerns. This interest was occasioned mainly by the prevalence of the Ideological struggles better known as the ‘Cold War’ between West which the United States led, and the East which was led by the then Soviet Union and allies respectively. Against this background, this paper argues based on the preponderance of archival documents and relevant scholarly resources that the deep-rooted worldwide rivalry for world dominance which ensued between these power blocs after the end of the Second World War in 1945 ushered in a period of politicization of African decolonization issues in the UN from 1960 onwards. The line between egotism and empathy narrowed significantly to the extent that it became too thin to recognize. The findings of this paper show that the Cold War phenomenon significantly shaped the position taken by member states during the debates on the African colonial problem in the UN. Secondly, we conclude in this paper that from the 1960s, the UN became the battleground between the East and the West each fighting for supremacy.

Importance of Social Workers in Multidisciplinary Frontline Environment During Pandemics

This pandemic was exaptational for lots of professions; however, the focus was mainly on medical staff front-liners. In this paper, we explore the different role of the social workers in alleviating the human-factor of the COVID-19 patients and their familiesThe methodology of this study considers the multidisciplinary approaches that could enhance the social workers' role; since COVID-19 pandemic was not only a medical issue, but also a social issue. The study recommends a national governing body is set and to enforce standard practices as per the guidance of the social workers. The implication of the study shows the need for social workers in the new normal and the type of training and competency needed. A framework is proposed to prepare social workers pre-, during- and after-pandemics.

A Review of Capital Budgeting Techniques

Perhaps the single most important decision faced by management is the selection of investment projects that maximize the present value of shareholders’ wealth. This paper is a review of the literature on capital budgeting procedures. Analytic techniques such as Net present value (NPV), Internal rate of return (IRR), Payback, Discounted Payback, Time-adjusted discounting, Accounting Rate of Return, Profitability Index and Modified IRR are reviewed here. Additional supplementary techniques, when some complexities relating to risk and uncertainty are involved, are also discussed. Results of field surveys are reported. In sum, the results suggest increased prominence of the NPV as an evaluation technique consistent with its much emphasized academic merit. In particular, the Graham and Harvey (2001) survey reveals that the likelihood of using specific evaluation techniques is linked to three factors namely firm size, firm leverage and CEO characteristics. The study recommends the use of real options techniques as they facilitate the linkage of financial objectives with corporate strategy in the ever-increasingly complex business environment.

Disagreements and Conflicts between Scientists and the Crisis of Legitimate Authority: The Case of French New Lockdown in November 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic has plunged the world into a deep health, economic and social crisis whose effects are expected to be felt for several years. In the spring of 2020, faced with the explosion of the number of patients in acute respiratory distress, many countries have implemented a lockdown policy in order to strongly reduce social contacts and slow down the speed of propagation of the coronavirus. This lockdown has been accepted by the populations despite its dramatic economic impact. In the autumn of 2020, after a phase of “summer slackening”, a new wave of contamination hit Europe, forcing the political authorities to proceed with a new lockdown, which was very strongly contested, including violently in Spain and Italy. The research note explains the rejection of the new lockdown with reference to Stanley Milgram’s experiment on obedience to authority, in particular by indicating that confrontations between scientific experts are at the origin of a profound crisis of legitimacy. Variation #15 of Stanley Milgram’s experiment effectively indicates that in the presence of multiple legitimate authorities, individuals refuse to obey injunctions, which corresponds explicitly to the situation encountered notably in France, with the development of a movement of radical contestation of the new lockdown.

Social Impact of IVF (After COVID-19 Pandemic and New Normal)

This study aims to analyse the different IVF services and its possible impact on family and social life, after the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors selected the Kingdom of Bahrain as a context for the research and explored the IVF influence on the ‘family stability’ and the ‘social stability’. The framework proposed shows the importance of future foresight of IVF transformation in both the area of life and livelihood.The study used a quantitative method to understand the type of demands on the supplied IVF services, and where the capacity could be raised in the new normal. The paper concludes that IVF could be a source for family stability and as one of the means of controlling the rising of psychosocial phenomena in the future. The other implication of this study calls for monitoring the rapid increases of dependency ratio, as fertility ratio drops, and how IVF services should be planned as part of a national policy; especially with the repeated emergency crisis.

Perceived Role of Rural Roads in Supporting and Enhancing Rural and Agricultural Development in Mwanza Region, Tanzania

The aim of this study was to reassess the important role of rural roads in supporting and enhancing agricultural and rural development. The study covered seven districts (units) of 35,187 sq km, with a total population of 2,772,509 (2013 est) in the region. The analysis is descriptive and it is based on secondary data using tables and graphs. The emphasis was to characterise important role rural roads can play in facilitating the movements of goods and services in rural areas. The findings revealed that rural roads in the region are in poor conditions, which influenced the cost of transporting farm produce from rural to urban areas. The study concluded that improved rural roads will benefit more small farmers and individuals residing in rural areas. The regional government should be equipped with finance, personnel and equipment to manage and maintain existing rural roads to ensure effective movement of goods and services in the region. The study suggested that existing rural road conditions need improvement to enhance development in the region. Both national and regional governments should embark on various policies of upgrading and maintaining rural roads to support and accelerate rural development in Mwanza region.

Does the Gender of Ministers Matter? A Critical Analysis of the Appointment and Performance of Women Ministers under President Goodluck Jonathan’s Administration in Nigeria, 2011-2015

In a presidential system of government, the executive arm is the highest organ of policy formulation and implementation. This, to a large extent, is complemented by the oversight and law making functions of the legislature for a functional governance. In addition to the President and the Vice President who are often elected, several appointees of the President make up the executive council, and are responsible to the President who takes stock of their performance and determine their continued relevance in office. Researches on gender studies often highlight the roles of these appointees, especially in respect to parity issues and the need for equal representation. Surprisingly, however, scholarly works on gender and politics in Nigeria often fails to study the activities of women ministers and their impact on policy. The Goodluck Jonathan administration is credited for mobilizing the highest proportion of women into ministerial positions since the dawn of the Fourth Republic. It then becomes imperative to ask if the performance of the women ministers, considering the influence they wield under the regime, portrays them as acting in the interest of women in the country. Drawing largely on secondary data. The study seeks to answer this question by profiling the women appointees and investigating the factors that influenced the unprecedented increase in the number of women ministers under President Jonathan’s administration, with a view to assessing their impact on policy making especially with regard to women issues.

Developing Concept of the Self: The Environmentally Influenced or Innately Developed

Self-concept is the awareness of a person of himself/herself based on his/her experiences, knowledge, body image, skills and in the way they tend to identify themselves in different situations, Meanwhile environment is where the students interact with others and spend most of their time. Environment is also where the students learn and gain experiences. Family, friends and peers are the people who the students communicate with, the people where they share their personal experiences and the people they mostly along with. The researchers used a survey questionnaire as a tool to be answered by the Senior High School students in Jagobiao National High School the data gathered will be treated using the weighted mean, frequency, percentage and lambda to determine their correlation. The influence of the variables are noticeable not significant to each other. It means that if they don’t develop their self-concept environmentally and innately, there are other factors that develop the achievement of the students on the concept of the self.