REASONABLE ACCOMMODATIONS FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES IN ELECTRONICS JUSTICE SYSTEM (E-COURT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Siska Naomi Panggabean

The emergence of e-Court as a modernization on trials enabled the judicial process to run online. The application allowed users, including Persons with Disabilities (PwD). Since the online system is essentially similar to the on-site one, the judicial process should consider reasonable accommodation. Moreover, considering Government Regulation Number 39 of 2020 concerning Reasonable Accommodations for Person with Disabilities (Regulation of Reasonable Accommodation in Judicial Process), the types of accommodations to enable PwD to use the online system must be clear. How the reasonable accommodations provided in e-Court is the issue of this research. The method of research used to elaborate on this issue is the normative juridical method. Patterns of problem approach are statute approach and conceptual approach. Meanwhile, the Analytical Descriptive method is used to construct the data. In this writing, automated online web accessibility tests showed that the medium percentage of the e-Court's accessibility is used to bolder the analysis. This writing elaborated the accessibility of e-Court and the components of the information within which needed to be enhanced for providing reasonable accommodation for Persons with Disabilities, mainly in the form of service. It also touched on the Standard of Judicial Process involving Persons with Disabilities and the provision of the Companion and/ or the Translator for Persons with Disabilities during the trial process linked with the personal assessment and the participation of society.

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-450
Author(s):  
Subhashini K Rangarajan ◽  
Krishna Prasad Muliyala ◽  
Prabhu Jadhav ◽  
Sharad Philip ◽  
Hareesh Angothu ◽  
...  

Background: Professionals with Severe Mental Illness (PwSMI) often face challenges in obtaining and retaining employment. For equal and effective participation, they may require reasonable workplace adjustments. The recently legislated Rights of Persons With Disabilities Act 2016 in India defines such adjustments as reasonable accommodations. Methods: In-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 15 consenting PwSMI availing psychiatric rehabilitation services at a tertiary mental health institute in India, five mental health professionals, and five employers. The audio-recorded interviews were transcribed and coded manually by two independent investigators. Inductive content analysis approach was used for qualitative analysis. Results: The detected themes included modifications in work schedule, supports to improve work efficiency, modifications in the work environment, modifications in the work-related appraisal, supportive employer policy, and integration of services. The participants described the term “undue burden” to be ambiguous. Conclusions: The reported reasonable accommodations are non-structural and mainly dependent on human assistance. Vocational rehabilitation and job reintegration efforts can focus on guided negotiations between employers and PwSMI. This is dependent on at least some degree of disclosure. Awareness regarding reasonable accommodation and stigma reduction is necessary for successful implementation.


1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitendra Mishra

Currently there are more than 43 million Americans that have one or more physical or mental disabilities, accounting for nearly 17 percent of our population. The percentage of persons with disabilities continues to grow as a result of the aging “baby boom” generation that is now entering their 50's. The idea of legislation to protect the rights of the disabled was first introduced in 1988 and was then re-introduced in 1989. Finally, after much debate, President George Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on July 26, 1990. The Act took effect in July, 1992. It bans discrimination against the “disabled” and requires businesses with 25 or more employees (from July 26, 1994, with 15 or more) to provide reasonable accommodations” for qualified disabled workers and job applicants. Penalties can reach $500,000 and the EEOC says 17,355 charges have been filed, but only five (5) EEOC-sponsored suits have been filed.1 This paper attempts to point out the ADA does help, but not much. Congress intentionally left the definition of disability under ADA open-ended to ensure that as many people as possible are protected. ADA has generated action and confusion. Because of social legislation, Congress kept it vague and ambiguous. This has created problems. Although the employer is not required to lower quality or quantity standards, the employer must make a “reasonable accommodation”. Reasonable accommodation might include providing or modifying equipment or training materials or policies, establishing part-time or modified work schedules, reassigning a disabled employee to a vacant position, providing readers and interpreters, and making the work environment readily accessible and usable by individuals with disabilitie.2. The problem seems to stem from the vague terms used in the law such as “essential function”, “reasonable accommodation”, “readily achievable”, etc. Employers are scared of the law and are holding tight until the terms of the law are defined in the courts. The courts must settle a number of test cases before employers will readily hire the persons with disabilities. Only then will we know if the law meets its goal of mainstreaming persons with disabilities.


Author(s):  
Delia Ferri

Italy was among the first countries to sign the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) in 2007, and ratified it in 2009 by Law 18/2009. Since then, the Convention has displayed significant influence on case law, and provoked a degree of judicial activism. This chapter provides an overview of how Italian courts have used and interpreted the CRPD. It highlights how Italian lower and higher courts, including the Constitutional Court and the Court of Cassation, have attempted to overcome the gap between domestic law and the CRPD, by ‘rethinking’ legal concepts in light of the Convention. This is evident with regards to the field of legal capacity and the domestic provisions of the civil code on the ‘administration of support’, but also to non-discrimination legislation, the scope of which has been evidently enlarged to encompass the failure to provide reasonable accommodation as a form of indirect discrimination.


Author(s):  
Toshihiro Horiguchi ◽  
◽  
Kenji Takanashi ◽  
Shoichi Sato ◽  
Naoki Sone

Children with disabilities are at high risk of being abused at school by their teachers. Based on legislation in Japan, the authors assessed the implementation of measures to prevent abuse and reasonable accommodations (arrangements) available at special needs schools in Japan. Government data has concentrated only on physical maltreatment by teachers; thus, we also collected grievances from parents to estimate the prevalence rate of abuse at special education settings. Of the 1,077 schools that were sent questionnaires, 333 completed them. Educational programmes for staff were the most common measure employed to prevent abuse. Various forms of support, including communication with internet-communication technology, were provided in relation to reasonable accommodations. After the implementation of the abuse prevention act for persons with disabilities, 14 (4.20%) schools reported grievances from parents claiming that their child had been bullied by teachers. Because Japan does not have educational inspection systems, such as the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, we assumed the incidence rate. Provided that all the grievances were related to abuse, the incidence rate was 0.02–0.05% (95% CI).


2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuslim,

<div class="WordSection1"><p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>Th</em><em>e idea of regulating of governor’s authority as representative of central government to the regency/ town government after the amendment of 1945 constitution is aimed at answering two legal problems. They are: (1) How is the regulation of the authority of governor as representative of central government after the amendment of 1945 constitution, (2) How is the idea governor as the representative of government. In order to answer such a questions the research   conducted by using legal/normative research. The approach that used is statue approach and conceptual approach. The regulating of governor’s authority as representative of central government as stipulated in Art. 32 of Act No.32 year of 2004 do not have firm validity in 1945 Constitution. Such the authority of governor is conducted as the implementation of principle of de-concentration, while such a principle does not clearly formulated in 1945 constitution. Besides it does not have constitution’s validity, the regulating of governor’s authority in Act No.32, 2004 does not have clear concept since on one hand such authority is attribution, an on one hand that authority is a delegation and even in practice it is a mandate. According of Unitary state’s point of view the authority of governor as direct representative of central government  after the amendment of 1945 constitution should be in delegation form. Therefore it is not directly enumerated in Act regarding the Local government (attribution).The president that would transfer that authority in government regulation (pp). The delegation of authority to the governor should cover the affair of general government in province, so it is not just limited to a certain affair.Besides in conducting the authority, the governor as representative of central government needs certain organ that assist the governor in performing his authority and as the organ of central government.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key word: </em></strong><em>The idea, governor’s authority, government’s representat, unitary state.</em></p><p align="center"><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Gagasan penaturan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah terhadap kabupaten/ kota setelah perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 bertujuan menjawab 2(dua) problem hukum, yakni :   (1) Bagaimana pengaturan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah setelah perubahan UUD 1945, dan (2) Bagaimana gagasan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah. Untuk menemukan jawaban pertanyaan yang muncul dilakukan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (<em>statute approach</em>) dan pendekatan konseptual (<em>conceptual approach</em>). Pengaturan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah dalam Pasal 38 UU No. 32/2004 tidak memiliki validasi yang tegas dalam UUD 1945.Kewenangan gubernur tersebut dilakukan dalam rangka pelaksanaan asas dekonsentrasi, sementara asas dekonsentrasi tidak dirumuskan secara tegas dalam UUD 1945.Selain tidak memiliki validasi konsitusi, pengaturan kewenangan gubernur dalam UU No. 32/2004 tidak jelas konsepnya karena satu sisi kewenangan tersebut berupa atribusi, pada bagian lain berupa delegasi dan bahkan dalam praktek berupa mandat. Menurut sudut pandang sistem negara kesatuan (<em>unitary state</em>) kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah langsung setelah perubahan UUD 1945 haruslah berupa delegasi kewenangan.Jadi tidak ditegaskan (dirinci) langsung dalam UU mengenai pemerintahan daerah (atribusi). Presiden yang akan melimpahkan kewenangan tersebut nantinya dalam Peraturan Pemerintah. Pelimpahan kewenangan kepada gubernur tersebut ruanglingkupnya haruslah mencakup urusan pemerintahan umum di provinsi jadi tidak dibatasi pada urusan tertentu saja.Selain itu dalam menjalankan kewenangan gubernur sebagai wakil pemerintah perlu organ tertentu yang membatu gubernur dalam menjalankan kewenangannya dan merupakan organ pemerintah.</p><p><strong>Key word: </strong>Gagasan<strong>, </strong>Kewenangan Gubernur, Wakil Pemerintah, Negara Kesatuan.</p></div>


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Revita Pirena Putri ◽  
Jennifer Laura Bachsin ◽  
Yovita Arie Mangesti

AbstractThe evolution of the era from time to time, forming technology even more sophisticated. Capturing moments with your lover such as recording intimate videos is something that is often done by many people, especially adolescent. But in recording the video, there are several things that need to be considered. For example, there must be an agreement or consent between the two parties so there’s no misleading which could be categorized as a criminal act of pornography. If that happens, then there is a need for a “legal umbrella” that protects the video makers. Hitherto, the “legal umbrella” about the form of legal protection for these intimate video makers has not been clearly written. In this study, the authors used a juridical normative method, based on acts as the basis for the research. The acts that are used as a reference are Acts 44 of 2008 concerning Pornography, Government Regulation 71 of 2019 concerning Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions, and Act 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Acts 11 of 2008. regarding Electronic Information and Transactions. Furthermore, the author also used a descriptive method which undertake research using data that was taken from the society through an online seminar to find out the society perspective about recording intimate videos which is the topic of the author's research.Keywords: consent;  intimate videos;  legal protectionAbstrakPerkembangan zaman membuat teknologi menjadi semakin canggih dan digunakan di segala bidang. Teknologi membawa perubahan gaya hidup. Kebiasaan mengabadikan momen dengan pasangan seperti membuat video mesra merupakan gaya hidup yang kerap kali dilakukan oleh banyak orang, terutama dari kalangan muda. Tetapi dalam pembuatan video tersebut, ada beberapa hal yang perlu diperhatikan, yaitu harus ada persetujuan atau consent antara kedua belah pihak agar hal ini tidak berujung pada  tindak pidana pornografi. Pembuatan video yang bertujuan untuk dokumentasi pribadi berkemungkinan untuk menjadi objek Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode pendekatan perundang-undang, dengan berdasarkan pada undang-undang sebagai dasar penelitian. Undang-Undang yang dijadikan sebagai acuan penelitian adalah UU No. 44-2008. Selain itu, peneliti juga menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, yang mana dalam hal ini peneliti melakukan penelitian dari random sampling data kuisioner yang diambil di masyarakat melalui sebuah seminar online guna mengetahui pemikiran dan pandangan masyarakat tentang pembuatan video mesra yang menjadi topik penelitian peneliti.


2011 ◽  
pp. 2112-2134 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Bricout ◽  
Paul M.A. Baker ◽  
Andrew C. Ward ◽  
Nathan W. Moon

Much of the discourse on the digital divide focuses on issues of information disparity and accessibility, frequently in socioeconomic terms. This perspective overlooks an important aspect of the digital divide, the lack of access and missed opportunities faced by persons with disabilities, referred to here as the “disability divide.” Barriers to access and knowledgeable use of information and communication technology (ICT) represent more than simple exclusion from information to encompass social segregation and devaluation. At its most insidious, barriers to ICTs limit full community engagement in employment activities. This chapter examines the ramification of the impact of digital divide on the nature of employment and participation in the workplace, using ICT to conduct telework, and explores challenges to social policy with respect to ‘reasonable’ accommodations. In the absence of practices, structures, and policies targeting the distributive work environment, telework is much less likely to close the digital divide for persons with a disability. This suggests the need to explore and develop potential policy options to close the disability divide.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (103) ◽  
pp. 331
Author(s):  
Antonio Luis Martínez-Pujalte

Resumen:Hasta fecha muy reciente, las personas con discapacidad han estado excluidas en España de la participación en la Administración de justicia a través de la institución del jurado que prevé el artículo 125 de la Constitución, pues el artículo 8 de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal del Jurado establecía como requisitos para ser jurado «encontrarse en el pleno ejercicio de sus derechos políticos» (apartado segundo), lo que excluye a las personas con discapacidad intelectual o psicosocial que hayan sido privadas de su derecho de sufragio por resolución judicial conforme a lo previsto en la legislación electoral, así como «no estar impedido física, psíquica o sensorialmente para el desempeño de la función de Jurado» (apartado quinto). Esta exclusión era consecuencia del modelo médico de la discapacidad, bajo cuya vigencia se pensaba que la supuesta falta de aptitud para el ejercicio de un derecho debía suponer su restricción, sin considerar la posibilidad de arbitrar medios que paliasen esa falta de aptitud. La aprobación de la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad, cuyo artículo 13 exige garantizar a las personas con discapacidad la posibilidad de desempeñar sus funciones en los procesos judiciales, hizo patente la necesidad de revisar esta regulación, habiéndose planteado en los últimos años diversas propuestas de reforma legislativa, que han desembocado finalmente en la aprobación de la Ley Orgánica 1/2017, de 13 de diciembre. Esta Ley mantiene como requisito para ser jurado el pleno ejercicio de los derechos políticos, pero ha modificado sustancialmente el apartado quinto del artículo 8 de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal del Jurado, que hoy establece como requisito para ser jurado «contar con la aptitud suficiente», añadiendo a continuación que las personas con discapacidad no podrán ser excluidas por esta circunstancia, y que se les deberán prestar los apoyos y ajustes necesarios para que puedan ejercer sus funciones. Así pues, el presente estudio se detiene en el análisis de ambos incisos del nuevo artículo 8.5. Por lo que se refiere al primero de ellos, se pone de relieve que no puede requerirse para ser jurado capacidad intelectual o cognoscitiva alguna distinta de la lectoescritura, exigida también por el artículo 8, si bien se añade, como aptitud necesaria para ejercer la función de jurado, la capacidad de prestar atención durante un período prolongado de tiempo, cuya carencia puede darse en personas con y sin discapacidad. Por otro lado, se examinan cuáles son los ajustes razonables que habrían de asignarse a las personas con discapacidad que fueran designadas jurados, analizando particularmente los problemas que plantean aquellos que consistan en la asistencia de una tercera persona, que podrían poner en cuestión aspectos esenciales del funcionamiento del jurado como el secreto o la imparcialidad.Summary:1. Preface. 2. The original wording of section 8, paragraph 5, of the Organic Law on the Court of the Jury. 3. Study of the legal reform. 3.1. The capacity to be juror. 3.2. The supports and reasonable accommodations for persons with disabilities. 4. Conclusions.Abstract:Persons with disabilities have been until now excluded in Spain from the participation in Administration of Justice through the institution of the jury foreseen in Section 125 of the Constitution. Section 8 of the Organic Law on the Court of the Jury established in fact as requirements to be juror «to be in the full exercise of the political rights» (paragraph two), which excludes people with intellectual or psychosocial disabilities who have been deprived of their right to vote by judicial decision as provided in the electoral legislation, as well as «not having physical, psychical o sensory impairments for the performance of the function as juror» (paragraph five). This exclusion was a result of the medical model of disability, which saw as the only solution to the supposed lack of aptitude for the exercise of a right the restriction of it, without considering the possibility of arbitrating means to improve such aptitude. The adoption of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 13 of which requires facilitating persons with disabilities the possibility to fulfill their roles in legal proceedings, made clear that it was necessary to revise this legislation, and in recent years different proposals have been raised, which finally led to the approval of Organic Law 1/2017, of December 13th. This Law maintains the full exercise of political rights as a requirement to be a juror, but has substantially modified Section 8 paragraph 5 of the Organic Law on the Court of the Jury, which today establishes as a condition to be juror «to have sufficient aptitude», adding that persons with disabilities can not be excluded because of this circumstance, and that they must be provided with the necessary supports and reasonable adjustments so that they can exercise their functions. Therefore, the present study analyses both sentences of the new Section 8.5. Regarding thefirst one, it is emphasized that no intellectual or cognitive capacity other than literacy —which is also required by article 8— may be demanded to be juror; however, the ability to pay attention during a long period of time, whose lack can occur in people with and without disabilities, could also be considered as a necessary skill to perform the function of juror, included in the «sufficient aptitude» mentioned by Section 8. On the other hand, the reasonable adjustments that should be assigned to persons with disabilities who are appointed as jurors are examined, analyzing in particular the problems raised by those which involve the assistance of a third person, that could put at risk essential aspects of the functioning of juries as secrecy or impartiality.


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