Interaction effects of response inhibition and affectivity in tobacco craving

Introduction: Models of nicotine dependence indicate the influence of impulsivity and affectivity in smoking behaviors. However, it is necessary that studies with higher ecological validity are carried out in order to elucidate how impulsivity and affectivity articulate to provoke tobacco craving. Objective: To evaluate the interaction effects of response inhibition and affectivity in tobacco craving. Method: The study was carried out with 90 smokers, who were divided into two groups, according to their performance on a parametric Go/No-Go task (higher and lower level of response inhibition). Cue-elicited craving was measured by physiologic responses and self-report, before and after a pleasant or unpleasant affectivity manipulation. Results: Moderation analysis suggests that response inhibition and unpleasant affect have combined effects in self-report and skin conductance related to tobacco craving. Response inhibition levels seem to increase tobacco craving, but they are independent of pleasant affect. Discussion and conclusions: Affectivity is a fundamental factor in comprehending the relationship between response inhibition and craving for tobacco. The unpleasant affect is one of the triggers for the desire to smoke, especially for those more impulsive individuals, which have an exaggerated perception of tobacco effect in alleviating unpleasant experiences. It is essential to train techniques to control negative affect stimuli, especially in those individuals with less capacity to inhibit responses.

Evaluación de activación conductual en universitarios que consumen mariguana: estudio piloto

Introduction: In Mexico, marijuana consumption has increased in adults and university students, triggering problems in attention, concentration, anxiety, depression, dependence, and cardio-respiratory difficulties. Psychological interventions like brief motivational treatment (BMT) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) have reported some difficulties such as a low and medium effect size, decreased consumption without reaching abstinence, and heterogeneity in the use of both cognitive and behavioral techniques. The use of behavioral techniques in Behavioral Activation has reported effectiveness in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and recently in alcohol and tobacco. Objective: to evaluate the effect size of a Behavioral Activation treatment in abstinence of marijuana (BA-M) measured in units, occasions, and quantity of consumption. Method: in a sample of university students (n = 8), the intervention of behavioral activation was applied, which includes functional analysis, planning and goal setting, contingency management, skills training, and relapse prevention. It was carried out a multielement single case design with eight replications, calculating the effect size through the non-overlapping index of all pairs. Results: high effect size was obtained in the consumption pattern, ranging between 91.10% and 100%, 5 university students achieved abstinence. Discussion and conclusions: treatment in BA-M obtained a high effect size in abstinence and a decrease in marijuana abuse these results are similar to those reported in alcohol and tobacco.

Trastorno de juego por Internet y función parental en estudiantes universitarios

Introduction: behavioral addictions, and particularly video game addiction, are showing a notable rise in recent years, which is why the latter is already considered a disorder by the WHO. This disorder has been researched in relation to various variables highlighting the importance of the family context; which is why it´s recommended to delve deeper regarding specific aspects about the role that the relationship between parent and child can have in the development of said addictions. Objective: Analyze the relation between the risk of developing Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and the perception a group of university students have of their parents´ parenting process (maternal and paternal). Method: 94 university students belonging to science faculties from Lima, Perú participated. The Internet Gaming Disorder Test - IGD-20 (Pontes et al., 2014) and the Adolescent Family Process scale - AFP (Vazsonyi et al., 2003) were used. Results: significant associations between both constructs were found in relation to the mother’s parenting, but not with the father´s parenting. It shows a positive correlation between IGD and the perception of support from the mother (r=.24, p

Censo local sobre consumo de drogas en población escolar

Introduction: Under the framework of social prevention of violence, the results of a survey on drug use in school population in a locality in Guadalupe, Zacatecas, Mexico, are presented. Objective: Determine the prevalence of drug consumption in the local student population. Method: The questionnaire developed by INPRFM for ENCODE 2014 in its version for student age populations was applied. The questionnaire was answered by 96.6% of the population studied (N=1139). Results: 33.3% of the students stated that they had been offered drugs as gifts and 7.9% stated that they had been offered to buy drugs. Lifetime prevalence were 49.4% for alcohol, 37.6% for tobacco and 24.3% for some drugs such as amphetamines, tranquilizers, marijuana, cocaine, crack or rock, inhalants, methamphetamines or heroin. Prevalence of use in the last twelve months were 56.9% for alcohol, 20.1% for tobacco and 13.2% for other drugs. Prevalence of use in the last month were 35.8% for alcohol, 9.1% for tobacco and 9% for other drugs. Discussion: the relevance of a bivariate logistic regression analysis is proposed to study the connection between personal or sociodemographic characteristics with drug use. Two routes of action are proposed: a) Psychosocial, brief interventions adapted to the population and b) Socio-political, influence on the social context of conflict and illegality.

El uso de una página web como alternativa para el tratamiento del abuso de alcohol en adolescentes: un estudio de caso único

Introduction: the usage of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to treat psychological problems such as addictions, is a recent issue that has allowed the recognition that the use of this type of tools is effective towards the problem they claim to solve, in a similar way as traditional therapy treatments do. Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of the Brief Intervention Program for Adolescents who Abuse Drugs (PIBA) and the Brief Advice in the Web Page modality regarding the barriers in the implementation of drug abuse treatments by the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: we started from a A-B-A single-case design with high school adolescent students who reported abusive use and associated consequences. The study consisted of four stages 1) evaluation, 2) admission, 3) PIBA or Brief Advice and 4) follow-up. Results: the results obtained showed a decrease in the pattern of alcohol consumption and an increase in self-efficacy to control consumption in various risk situations. Discussion and conclusions: the program provided the necessary tools for adolescents to maintain their consumption goal.

Drug use as a coping style to social isolation by COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on the adherence to safety guidelines in Mexico

Introduction: in response to the pandemic originated by COVID-19, governments placed in practice a series of safety guidelines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Mexico, one of the decisive actions to prevent the disease's spread was social isolation or lockdown. These rigorous proceedings could increase stress experience or other mental health disorders. One of the coping mechanisms used to avoid stress includes drug use. Objective: the study's goal was to evaluate the relationship between drug use (alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis) and adherence to safety guidelines. Method: the association between the variables was assessed with a series of surveys indicating adherence to safety guidelines and drug use, 475 Mexican participants (56.5% females and 43.4% males) completed the study. Results: the results suggest that most participants had low drug abuse levels before and during social isolation. There was a significant decrease in tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use in both females and males. Upon analyzing guideline adherence, low alcohol use correlated with the safety behavior scale, while tobacco and cannabis correlated with the preventive behavior scale. Discussion: the current Mexican sample had not used drugs to cope during social isolation.

Adaptación y modificación del programa preventivo del consumo de drogas “Tú Decides”

Introduction: alcohol and marijuana are the most widely used drugs nowadays and their consumption occurs mainly during adolescence. In Mexico, different drug use prevention programs have been developed, one of them is the “Tú Decides” program, by Rodriguez et al. (2011). This program was carried out under the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991); it consists of five sessions of 50 minutes each and its objective is to reduce the experimental use of illicit drugs and the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The program was applied to a vulnerable population in the center of the country, where it had a moderate effect on perceived behavioral control and drug use intention. Objective: to describe the stages of adaptation and extension of the theoretical basis of the intervention “Tú Decides”, focusing it on the prevention of alcohol and/or marijuana consumption in adolescents in northeastern Mexico.Method: to carry out this adaptation and modification process, the adaptation model of Barrera and Castro (2006) was taken as a basis. Results: the preliminary adaptation and modification were well accepted and successfully evaluated by the adolescents. Conclusions: the adapted intervention was named “Tú Decides +”. It is composed of four sessions from the original intervention, a self-efficacy session, and three emotional intelligence sessions, which give a total of 8 sessions of 45 minutes; it aims to reduce the intention to consume and the consumption of alcohol and/or marijuana. It is expected that by adapting and modifying to the needs of the specific population, more effective and lasting results will be obtained

Evaluación del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes mexicanos: un enfoque desde la economía conductual

Introduction: the impact of programs to prevent alcohol consumption in adolescents can be increased by incorporating an environmental component. This paper explores the usefulness of behavioral economics to analyze the preference for the substance as a function of environmental variables. Objective: to evaluate the level of alcohol consumption in a group of Mexican adolescents, as a function of sex, age, access to consumption and reinforcement derived from substance-free activities. Method: a total of 7,569 high school students participated: 51% were male and 49% female. A multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate how the selected variables are related to the level of alcohol consumption. Results: the regression model was adjusted (F = 202.423, p < 0.01) and explained 33.6% of the variance (R2 = 0.336). Gender (being male), age, and access to consumption in social contexts were positively associated with the level of alcohol consumption. Academic, prosocial and cultural activities were negatively related to alcohol consumption; while the use of electronic media, social, physical and recreational activities had a positive relationship. Discussion and conclusions: tit is necessary to reduce access to alcohol consumption, both commercially, and in social and family contexts. Preventive interventions should promote the involvement of adolescents in activities incompatible with consumption and incorporate a social component to increase their level of reinforcement.

Prevalencia y factores relacionados con el consumo de alcohol en adolescentes embarazadas: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes physical, cognitive and behavioral problems in the mother and the unborn baby. The literature recommends abstinence from this substance during pregnancy. However, the presence of factors in adolescents could be related to the initiation or continuation of alcohol consumption while pregnant. Objective: twas to identify the prevalence and factors that are related to alcohol consumption in pregnant adolescents (AE). Method: a systematic review of articles in English and Spanish published between 2009 and 2019 in the adolescent population was carried out. The databases were PubMed, Web of Science: Social Sciences Citation Index, Science Citation Index, and Scopus. The search terms included the words “pregnancy,” “pregnant,” “adolescent,” “adolescence,” and “alcohol.” Data extraction was performed independently by one author using the study quality indicators. Results: CADE prevalence’s in AE were determined. Also, personal, psychological and spiritual factors related to CADE. Alcohol consumption prior to pregnancy and exposure to the presence of previous pregnancies were the most mentioned as personal factors. Likewise, relationships of psychological factors such as depression and anxiety were identified. In addition, social factors were identified such as having a single parent, having friends who smoke or drink, as well as not having a partner. Finally, some spiritual factors were found, among which the importance given to religion stands out. Conclusions: alcohol consumption during pregnancy is multifactorial, however, there are personal, psychological, social and spiritual factors that increase the risk of consuming alcohol up to four times more.