COMPARISION OF DENTAL SCORING SYSTEM WITH RADIOGRAPHIC SKELETAL SYSTEM IN AGE ESTIMATION

Objectives: To compare Demirjian Dental scoring method with Greulich-Pyle (GP) Skeletal method of age estimation in pubertal children. Materials and Methods: Sample of the study included 267 male healthy subjects of 11-16 years of age group.. Demirjian Scoring system was utilized to evaluate the orthopantomograms to assess their Dental age and the Hand-Wrist radiographs were analyzed to calculate the skeletal age by utilizing GP atlas. Chronological age was obtained from the date of birth of the subject .Both methods were compared with one another and with the chronological age. It was a cross-sectional study and only healthy male subjects without any clinical abnormalities were included in the study. Results: A total of 267 male subjects of 11-16 years of age group were assessed by Demirjian and Greulich Pyle Methods. Both were compared with Chronological Age. Data obtained was statistically analyzed and the Student “t” test was applied in the study population. The mean difference between Chronolgical age and dental age was 0.69years and that of chronological age and skeletal age was 0.87 years. It was observed from dental age assessment that it does not differ much from the skeletal age. Conclusion: It was concluded that Demirjian method of Age Estimation is more precise than Greulich Pyle method of Age Estimation. Furthermore both methods can be used selectively in Medicolegal cases to access bone age which can be easily correlated to chronological age.

The Frequency of Mesio Buccal Second Canals in Permanent Maxillary First Molar Using Different Methods: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: This study aimed to find out the fr equency of the MB2 canal in maxillary first molars, using different diagnostic methods. Materials & Methods: 106 patients, clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis and exposed pulp, requiring endodontic treatment were selected via random non-probability purposive sampling technique for the study . This cross-sectional study was conducted for 12 weeks in the dentistry department of Ayub Medical College from August 2018 to October 2018. A detailed history was taken and documented in the pro-forma. After administration of Local anaesthesia and rubber dam application, the access cavity was prepared and floor of the pulp chamber visualized. MB2 Canal location was done with a naked eye and under magnification (x2.0 to x6.0) Magnification and confirmed by inserting size 08 K file. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Chi-square test was run to determine the association of the presence of the MB2 canal with other variables. P-value of 0.05 was considered to be significant.

ORAL SIDE EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC TREATMENT IN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER VISITING REHMAN MEDICAL INSTITUTE PESHAWAR : A CROSS-SECTIONAL SURVEY

Objectives: The aim of the study was to characterize the oral health in breast cancer survivors treated in the Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar. Materials & Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Rehman Medical Institute Peshawar between Jan 2017 and June 2018 of women diagnosed with Breast Cancer who received care. Forty three patients were selected in both breast cancer groups as well as in control group. Initially diagnosed patients of breast cancer, followed by surgical therapy and additional radio and chemotherapy were included in this study. Whereas female patients who received (supplementary/solely) endocrine or immunological therapy were excluded from this study, similarly were the women with severe chronic diseases such as chronic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other cancers. Statistical analysis analysis were performed with the SPSS , Version 22.0. Results: Unfavorable oral health status of women who received breast cancer treatment compared to the oral health status of the control group has been shown in this study. Conclusion: Results indicate a need for more education about the potential oral effects of breast cancer therapies and about providing the best possible care for patients undergoing breast cancer treatment.

A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF LIVER IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED AS FATTY LIVER ON ULTRASOUND

Objectives: To confirm sonographic findings of fatty liver by histologic study of liver biopsies and to look for related histological changes associated with fatty liver.Material and method: It was case series study. The study was conducted in Gastroenterology unit of Hayatabad Medical Complex, Histology lab of Khyber Medical College Peshawar. The study period was five months. Ten cases labeled as fatty liver on Ultrasonography were designated for liver biopsy proceeded by microscopic study. The patients with advanced liver disease were excluded. Tissue slides were observed under light microscope. The morphometric measurements were carried out. Histological Scoring System for non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases was applied for histological staging and grading. Results: Microscopic examination showed that the mean value of size of hepatocytes and nuclei were significantly more than normal mean. 50% of total cases were with panacinar steatosis, zone 1 and zone 3 steatosis were noted in 20% and 30% of patients respectively. Ballooning was revealed in all the cases, while lobular inflammation was seen in 60% of patients. All of the cases depict various phases of fibrosis, but Cirrhosis could not be noticed in any of the specimen. 30% of the cases were recorded with definite non-alcoholic steatotic hepatitis (NASH), 50% were labelled as borderline NASH and 20% were as simple steatosis. Conclusions: All cases detected as simple fatty liver on ultrasonography are found with some degree of steatosis and steatohepatitis on histological examination. Morphometric study showed that steatotic process increases hepatocytes and nuclei size. Ballooning and lobar inflammation were the hallmark of NASH

STUDY OF PRENATAL DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS IN FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY IN KHYBER PAKHTUN KHUWA: AN ULTRASONIC STUDY

Objective: To study the prenatal developmental anatomy in first trimester of pregnancy in Khyber Pakhtun Khuwa. Materials and methods: The cross sectional study was conducted on 600 pregnant females visiting the antenatal clinic of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar and Khyber clinic (Jamrud). The duration of study was 6 months. A pregnant women greater than 16 years of age, willing for ultrasound was selected, poor visualization due to technical factors like obesity, surgical scar were excluded. All the patients were enlisted under informed consent. Detailed obstetrical history was taken. The embryos were visualized with the help of abdominal ultrasound. Data were recorded followed by statistical analysis and presented as percentages. Results: In the present study, 591 cases (98.5%) were single, 8 (1.33%) cases were twin and one case is (0.16%) of triplets. The distributions of normal and abnormal cases were studied in first trimester. The shape of gestational sac was regular in 370(61.66%) and irregular in 230(38.33%) Yolk sacs were identified in 430(71.6%) cases, while in 170(28.33%) of cases yolk sac could not be identified. It could not be identified in 50 (8.33%) of cases due to early pregnancy and in 120 (20%) of cases due to abnormal pregnancy. The Fetal pole was detected in 150(25%) cases and could not be identified in 450 (75%) of cases. The relationship of gestational age, gestational sac and crown rump length in normal pregnancy was observed. Conclusions: There is linear increase in measurements of fetal growth parameters as the gestational age increases. For the assessment of gestational age in the first trimester, ultrasound is an accurate and useful modality. Key words: Trimester, Gestational sac, Yolk sac and Crown rump length.