«TRADE LOCAL, BUY LOCAL, BE LOCAL»: AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS AND FAIRS IN HALYCHYNA IN THE 20-30S OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The article focuses on the exhibition activities of the Ukrainians, which were reflected upon in periodicals. In particular, it analyzes the organizational aspects and features of fairs and exhibitions of the agricultural products that were held upon the initiative of economic institutions and public organizations such as «Silskyi Hospodar» («The Farmer»), «Maslosoiuz», «Tsentrosoiuz», RSUK («The Auditing Union of Ukrainian Cooperatives»), «Soiuz ukrainok» («The Union of Ukrainian Women»), «The Ukrainian Folk Art» («Ukrainske narodne mystetstvo»), «The Hutsul Art» («Hutsulske mystetstvo»), «The Beekeeping Union» («Pasichnycha spilka»), «Rii» («The Swarm»), «Prosvita» («The Education») county unions, cooperatives, etc. Economic educational institutions also took part in the exhibitions. The first Ukrainian agrotechnical exhibitions were held in Stryi in 1909 and 1907, and later they took place in various Halychyna towns and villages, including Staryi Sambir, Dashava, and Sokal. Cooperative figures, such as D. Sembratovych, E. Olesnytskyi, O. Nyzhankivskyi, O. Lutskyi, A. Zhuk, M. Khronoviat, etc., played an important role in the organization of the given exhibitions. The article outlines the main functions performed by the exhibitions and fairs and the range of goods in demand among the visitors. Each exhibition was divided into separate sections, where the passers-by and the buyers could get acquainted with the results of work of the Ukrainian entrepreneurs and farmers in crop production, horticulture, vegetable growing, animal husbandry, beekeeping, crafts, and agricultural equipment. «Maslosoiuz» products, folk art products, and a wide range of medical products were especially popular at agro-technical exhibitions. Exhibitions and fairs were the manifestation of competitiveness in the local market, a factor of the region's economic and cultural development, as they were accompanied by entertainment and educational activities, including lectures, speeches, and presentations of new economic publications. Keywords: exhibitions, fairs, Halychyna, agricultural exhibitions and fairs

A 25-VOLUME EDITION OF IVAN FRANKO'S WORKS: LVIV CONTRIBUTION

The article analyzes the main directions, course, and consequences of the research and publishing project of 1940-1941 in preparing for printing a 25-volume collection of works of Ivan Franko's literary-artistic heritage in the context of new political and socio-economic realities in Western Ukraine after the accession to the USSR as a part of the Ukrainian SSR at the beginning of World War II. Emphasizing the participation in these events of employees of the Lviv department of the T. Shevchenko Institute of Ukrainian Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union, the author noted that the main work was carried out by the Lviv philologists, led by Academician Mykhailo Vozniak. They did the search, selection, and scientific verification of the texts, ensuring their linguistic and stylistic design, compiling the edition's reference apparatus, and others. The place and role of some compilers and editors in preparing the collection for publication, particularly M. Vozniak and Professor V. Simovych, are highlighted. The reasons which caused difficulties and insurmountable obstacles in meeting the deadline in a responsible task are revealed. It turned out that the task became much more difficult for the management of the Institute and the employees, and, first of all, for the main compilers and editors from Lviv than it seemed at first. They did not completely achieve what was planned. Before the beginning of the German-Soviet War, the State Publishing House of Ukraine managed to publish only two volumes of I. Franko's writings, although a team of Lviv scientists led by M. Vozniak had prepared for publishing a scientifically done 20-volume set of the writer's works. The German-Soviet War interrupted further printing. The post-war period's new socio-political conditions left very little space for creative activities, so M. Vozniak's attempts to complete the publication of all 25 volumes were unsuccessful in the end. Keywords: Ivan Franko, works, twenty-five-volume edition, compilers, editors, M. Vozniak.

THE SIXTIERS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE UKRAINIAN OPPOSITION MOVEMENT OF THE 1960S – 1980S

In the introduction to the interview with Yulii Tanchuk, Yurii Zaitsev describes the use of interviews with direct participants in historical events as an effective tool for studying the Sixtiers movement (shistdesiatnytstvo) and contemporary socio-political processes in Ukraine. He highlights the foundations and evolution of the Sixtiers movement and characterizes its attributive features, emphasizing examples from different parts of Ukraine. The main attention is paid to the study of the role of a nationally conscious personality among the Sixtiers and in a broader sense – in the opposition, anti-regime movement through the prism of the chemists Yulii Tanchuk's activities. The interview with him shows the significance of the samvydav ("self-publishing") phenomenon for expanding awareness of the need for radical, revolutionary changes in the socio-political system for state independence of Ukraine, the democratization of society, and the formation of a civilized European community. By the annual unauthorized commemorations of Taras Shevchenko on the anniversaries of his reburial in Ukraine (May 22, 1861), the national genius's greatness was emphasized, and his spiritual consonance with the free-thinking of the 1960s – 1980s. The interview reflects the revival of cultural life and military training of young men in the Western Ukrainian villages during World War II, and gives examples of youth joining the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA), recreates the ritual of taking the oath by UIA recruits. Furthermore, it mentions Vasyl Stus's story about the Holodomor in Ukraine in 1932–1933, makes public the facts of the Communist regime's punishment of the signatories of the "Letter 139" to the USSR leaders in April 1968, emphasizes Yulii Tanchuk's unadvertised contacts with an active member of the Ukrainian human rights movement Oles Shevchenko, clarifies the role of Leonid Seleznenko in the opposition movement, and after the arrest – his incriminating evidence under pressure from the KGB at the trial of Vasyl Stus and his letter of repentance. The role of Oles Honchar's novel "The Cathedral", Ivan Dziuba's research "Internationalism or Russification?", and Olena Apanovych's historical lectures for the activation of political and national self-awareness of Ukrainians are indicated. Keywords: Luh Society, Holodomor, UIA, the Sixtiers, samvydav, dissident movement, Yulii Tanchuk, Vasyl Stus, Oles Shevchenko, Henrikh Dvorko, Leonid Seleznenko, May 22, "scientific exile", KGB, Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

IVAN KRYPIAKEVYCH AND THE POLITICAL EMIGRANTS OF NADDNIPRIANSHCHYNA: RELATIONS AND COOPERATION (1910 – 1930)

The study deals with Ivan Krypiakevych's relations with political emigrants of Naddniprianshchyna during the Ukrainian people's struggle for the state and national-cultural rights. Emphasis is placed on his first acquaintance with the people of Naddniprianshchyna at the scientific courses of 1904 in Lviv, participation in the work of the student "Academic Community" and the society "Prosvita", at M. Hrushevskyi's historical seminar, and most importantly, in the struggle for Ukrainian university. For the latter, he was arrested along with other Ukrainian students, including Naddniprianshchyna residents. In the pre-war years, the historian actively cooperated with political immigrants, especially in honoring Taras Shevchenko's memory as a manifestation of the national unity of Halychyna and Naddniprianshchyna, to which some of his publications are devoted. Emphasis is placed on the scientist's close cooperation during the war with the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (ULU), in particular on his activities in the Bureau of Cultural Aid for the people of the Ukrainian north-western regions occupied by the Central Powers. The scientist's schooling work is shown and activities in the national and cultural life of Volyn and Kholm. He published about 30 articles in periodicals, including the ULU's editions, on historical topics, which covered the political and cultural life of the occupied Ukrainian lands, their destruction, and evacuation of the locals during the retreat of Russian troops. I. Krypiakevych's reaction to the actions of the Ukrainian Central Rada, its successes and disadvantages, in particular to the agrarian reform, organization of the army and schooling, his participation in the preparation of materials for the Ukrainian delegation at the Treaty of Brest negotiations are analyzed. His attitude to the Ukrainian State of P. Skoropadskyi, its achievements are clarified: acquisition of borders, the formation of a new army, organization of the financial system, diplomatic service, high school; and mistakes: failure to solve the agrarian issue, organization of anti-peasant punitive expeditions, insufficient streamlining of school affairs, issuance of a federal declaration; to the Directory of the Ukrainian People's Republic. The author highlights I. Krypiakevych's connections with scholars-historians and politicians of Naddniprianshchyna in the interwar period, relating to the Hetman-monarchical organization in Halychyna and the establishment of a conservative-state direction in Ukrainian historiography. Keywords: Ivan Krypiakevych, political emigration of Naddniprianshchyna, Ukrainian statehood, Ukrainian historiography.

MILITARY DISTRICT "HOVERLIA" OF THE UKRAINIAN INSURGENT ARMY DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION (1943-1944)

For the first time, the article describes the formation and activities of the military district of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UIA) "Hoverlia" in the territory of the Stanislav region during the German occupation. It is shown that the military district started to be created in December 1943, at the same time Ivan Beleiovych-"Dzvinchuk" was appointed its first commander. The "Hoverlia" military district was formed based on the Ukrainian People's Self-Defense (UNS), which worked in the Stanislav region's territory during 1943, thus showing that it is a continuation of the Ukrainian liberation movement in the Stanislav region. The "Hoverlia" military district was being built on the territory where the underground OUN network operated for a long time. Therefore, the military district could rely on it if necessary. The "Hoverlia" military district was subordinate to the UIA-West General Military District, that is, to execute its orders. It is shown that according to orders and instructions issued by the UIA-West Regional Military Staff, the "Hoverlia" military district had to build its headquarters, set up a printing business, set up lines of communication, prepare reserve camps for UIA departments, and establish lines, delivering insurgent supplies, providing the insurgents with weapons, ammunition, food, and clothes. All the disunited OUN members had to go to the UIA and be trained there; the insurgent ranks had to be cleared of unreliable elements. The UIA divisions had to control the Carpathian and Subcarpathian forests. The formation and number of "sotnias" and "kurins" of the UIA are shown. Particular attention is paid to the UIA officers' and sub-officers' schools where recruits were trained, the programs for ordinary soldiers, and candidates for officers and sub-commanders. Special attention was paid to German and Hungarian occupation forces in the territory of the Stanislav region. The fight of Ukrainian insurgents against German and Hungarian troops, red partisans, and Soviet paratroopers is covered. Keywords: Military district of UIA "Hoverlia", UIA, UNS, German invaders, Hungarian troops, red partisans, Soviet paratroopers, front.

DYNAMICS OF NATIONAL IDENTITY FORMATION IN INDEPENDENT UKRAINE

The dynamics of national identity formation in independent Ukraine has been studied. Based on the analysis of the results of sociological research, the state, problems, and prospects of Ukrainian national identity formation have been revealed. At the time of the declaration of independence, Ukraine was characterized by a blurred national identity, where regional identities predominated when the West of Ukraine focused on the European Union, and its East and South parts focused on Russia. The sociological research results revealed positive dynamics in the formation of Ukrainian national identity in the conditions of independent Ukraine, as it is a civic identity that has become a priority for the citizens of Ukraine over other group identities. At the same time, the shortcomings of the liberal approach to the formation of national identity, which emphasizes human rights, ignoring the problems of blurred Ukrainian national identity, incomplete nation-building processes in Ukraine, and the collective rights of Ukrainians as the titular nation, are proved. This led to the deepening of divisions and fragmentation of Ukrainian society, the alienation of property and power by the broad masses of people. Russia took advantage of this by unleashing a "hybrid war" against Ukraine and annexing Crimea and part of the Donbas. However, the modern political elite has not drawn proper conclusions, and as the results of recent sociological studies show, it continues to pursue politics, ignoring the Ukrainian national interests and expectations of its own people. The priority of national integration and ensuring the national unity of Ukraine has been justified while maintaining the priority of European integration concerning other areas of foreign policy orientation and international integration. It is proved that the conceptual basis for consolidating the people of Ukraine can be primarily the Ukrainian national idea. Keywords: national identity, Ukraine, consolidation of society, Ukrainian national ide

PEOPLE'S NARRATIVE TRADITION ON THE DESTRUCTION OF THE POLISH COLONY OF PYSHIVKA IN THE SPRING OF 1944

It is investigated how the Ukrainian folk-narrative tradition in various genre records of the beginning of the 21st century reflects and comprehends one of the numerous events of the Polish-Ukrainian armed conflict of the 1940s in the western Ukrainian lands - the destruction of the Polish colony Pyshivka by the Ukrainian armed underground in the spring of 1944. It is stated that the folk epic memory of Ukrainians reproduces the event of sixty years ago quite clearly, in various aspects and numerous details. It is noted that the narrative tradition of understanding the destruction of Pyshivka takes place in two planes - socio-political, military on the one hand, and Christian-moral humanistic - on the other. However, they do not always act in their pure separate essence: either one or the other. It is traced from the stories that in one narrator, they can be organically combined with a certain dominance of one or another component. It was stated that the narrators of the socio-political direction - primarily participants and eyewitnesses, reflected and comprehended the specific event of the destruction of Pyshivka in a broader aspect of the Polish-Ukrainian confrontation under the influence of information about the hostile intention of Poles against their village, as well as stories about previous similar Polish actions against Ukrainian villages. At the same time, there is a tendency that the farther the narrators are from the realities of the national liberation struggle, were not its eyewitnesses, and are not more deeply interested in it from printed or other sources, the more their understanding acquires a humanistic and moral content. They sincerely regret and mourn what happened, show a subconscious complex of guilt, and hence focus more on peaceful, friendly relations before the war, sympathetically speak of the high moral and spiritual qualities and higher economic success of the Polish colonists. Keywords: narrative tradition, Polish-Ukrainian armed conflict, historical memory, Pyshivka, Yavoriv region.

EDUCATIONAL ISSUE IN THE ACTIVITIES OF JEWISH PARLIAMENTARIANS IN THE LEGISLATIVE SEJM OF THE POLISH STATE (1919–1922)

Jewish ambassadors' activities in the Legislative Sejm (1919–1922) aimed at protecting and developing national schooling are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on Jewish deputies defending their voters' educational rights during parliamentary speeches, political debates, submissions, and interpellations. The ambassadors raised such important educational issues as the adoption of educational legislation agreed with national minorities, the development of non-Polish educational institutions of all types, the "utraquisition" and liquidation of minority schooling, and the persecution of Jewish, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and German teachers. There are differences in Jewish ambassadors' views on the interpretation of the place of Jews in Poland, approaches to determine the role of religion in education, the national language, and the medium of instruction in educational institutions (Yiddish, Hebrew, Polish). Such differences partially hindered the consolidated activities of Jews to protect the educational rights of their people. It is noted that some of the parliamentarians supported the development of schools with Hebrew as the medium of instruction, others - Yiddish. At the same time, some advocated for religious schools and the rest for secular ones. Despite the lack of a unified vision of solving the educational issue among Jewish politics, Jewish parliamentarians, getting the support of German deputies and representatives of Polish left-wing political parties, used the parliamentary platform to protect the educational interests of electors. They joined in providing Jews with fundamental rights guaranteed by domestic law and international agreements, as well as in expanding the network of schools with Yiddish, Hebrew, or bilingual instruction.