Exertional heat illness and acute injury related to ambient wet bulb globe temperature

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1169-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena P. Garzon-Villalba ◽  
Alfred Mbah ◽  
Yougui Wu ◽  
Michael Hiles ◽  
Hanna Moore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Injury ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Globe Temperature

scholarly journals Exertional Heat Illness in American Football Players: When Is the Risk Greatest?

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl R. Cooper ◽  
Michael S. Ferrara ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
John W. Powell ◽  
Steven P. Broglio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Globe Temperature

Context: Knowledge about the specific environmental and practice risks to participants in American intercollegiate football during preseason practices is limited. Identifying risks may mitigate occurrences of exertional heat illness (EHI). Objective: To evaluate the associations among preseason practice day, session number, and wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and the incidence of EHI. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Sixty colleges and universities representing 5 geographic regions of the United States. Patients or Other Participants: National Collegiate Athletic Association football players. Main Outcome Measure(s): Data related to preseason practice day, session number, and WBGT. We measured WBGT every 15 minutes during the practice sessions and used the mean WBGT from each session in the analysis. We recorded the incidence of EHIs and calculated the athlete-exposures (AEs). Results: A total of 553 EHI cases and 365 810 AEs were reported for an overall EHI rate of 1.52/1000 AEs (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42, 1.68). Approximately 74% (n = 407) of the reported EHI cases were exertional heat cramps (incidence rate = 1.14/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.25), and about 26% (n = 146) were a combination of exertional heat syncope and heat exhaustion (incidence rate = 0.40/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.48). The highest rate of EHI occurred during the first 14 days of the preseason period, and the greatest risk was during the first 7 days. The risk of EHI increased substantially when the WBGT was 82.0°F (27.8°C) or greater. Conclusions: We found an increased rate of EHI during the first 14 days of practice, especially during the first 7 days. When the WBGT was greater than 82.0°F (27.8°C), the rate of EHI increased. Sports medicine personnel should take all necessary preventive measures to reduce the EHI risk during the first 14 days of practice and when the environmental conditions are greater than 82.0°F (27.8°C) WBGT.

scholarly journals Identifying the need for locally-observed wet bulb globe temperature across outdoor athletic venues for current and future climates in a desert environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haven Guyer ◽  
Matei Georgescu ◽  
David M Hondula ◽  
Floris Wardenaar ◽  
Jennifer Vanos
Keyword(s):  
Climate Projections ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Cooling Design ◽  
Weather Stations ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Sports Venues ◽  
Projected Changes

Abstract Exertional heat illness and stroke are serious concerns across youth and college sports programs. While some teams and governing bodies have adopted the wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), few practitioners use measurements on the field of play; rather, they often rely on regionally modeled or estimated WBGT. However, urban development-induced heat and projected climate change increase exposure to heat. We examined WBGT levels between various athletic surfaces and regional weather stations under current and projected climates and in hot-humid and hot-dry weather regimes in the southwest U.S. in Tempe, Arizona. On-site sun-exposed WBGT data across five days (07:00–19:00 local time) in June (dry) and August (humid) were collected over five athletic surfaces: rubber, artificial turf, clay, grass, and asphalt. Weather stations data were used to estimate regional WBGT (via the Liljegren model) and compared to on-site, observed WBGT. Finally, projected changes to WBGT were modeled under mid-century and late-century conditions. On-field WBGT observations were, on average, significantly higher than WBGT estimated from regional weather stations by 2.4°C–2.5°C, with mean on-field WBGT across both months of 28.52.76°C (versus 25.83.21°C regionally). However, between-athletic surface WBGT differences were largely insignificant. Significantly higher mean WBGTs occurred in August (30.12.35°C) versus June (26.92.19°C) across all venues; August conditions reached ‘limit activity’ or ‘cancellation’ thresholds for 6–8 hours and 2–4 hours of the day, respectively, for all sports venues. Climate projections show increased WBGTs across measurement locations, dependent on projection and period, with average August WBGT under the highest representative concentration pathway causing all-day activity cancellations. Practitioners are encouraged to use WBGT devices within the vicinity of the fields of play, yet should not rely on weather station estimations without corrections used. Heat concerns are expected to increase in the future, underlining the need for athlete monitoring, local cooling design strategies, and heat adaptation for safety.

Collegiate Marching Band Artists Experience High Core Body Temperatures during Rehearsals and Performances

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (preprint) ◽  
pp. 0000-0000
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Emerson ◽  
Toni M. Torres-McGehee ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Melani R. Kelly ◽  
Nancy Uriegas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Marching Band ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Hydration Characteristics

Abstract Context: No research has investigated thermoregulatory responses and exertional heat illness (EHI) risk factors in marching band (MB) artists performing physical activity in high environmental temperatures. Objective: Examine core temperature (Tc) and EHI risk factors in MB artists. Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting: Three rehearsals and 2 football games for 2 NCAA Division I MBs. Participants: Nineteen volunteers completed the study (female = 13, males = 6; age = 20.5 ± 0.9 years; weight = 75.0 ± 19.1 kg; height = 165.1 ± 7.1 cm). Main Outcome Measures: We measured Tc pre-, post-, and every 15 minutes during activity and recorded wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and relative humidity (RH) every 15 minutes. Other variables included activity time and intensity, ground surface, hydration characteristics (fluid volume, sweat rate, urine specific gravity, percent body mass loss [%BM]), and medical history (eg, previous EHI, medications). Statistical analysis included descriptives (mean ± standard deviation), comparative analyses determined differences within and between days, and linear regression identified variables that significantly explained Tc. Results: Mean rehearsal time = 102.8 ± 19.8 minutes and game time = 260.5 ± 47.7 minutes. Max game Tc (39.1 ± 1.1°C) was significantly higher than rehearsal (38.4 ± 0.7°C, P = .003). The highest max game Tc = 41.2°C. Participants consumed significantly more fluid than their sweat rates (P < .003), which minimized %BM loss, particularly during rehearsals (−0.4 ± 0.6%). Mean game %BM loss = −0.9 ± 2.0%; however, 63.6% of the time, participants reported hypohydrated to game day. Max Tc was significantly predicted by max WBGT, max RH, ground surface, using mental health medications, and hours of sleep (adjusted R2 = 0.542, P < .001). Conclusions: Marching band artists experience high Tc during activity and should have access to athletic trainers who can implement EHI prevention and management strategies.

scholarly journals Health status, heat preparation strategies and medical events among elite cyclists who competed in the heat at the 2016 UCI Road World Cycling Championships in Qatar

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (16) ◽  
pp. 1003-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastien Racinais ◽  
David Nichols ◽  
Gavin Travers ◽  
Sebastien Moussay ◽  
Taoufik Belfekih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Race ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Additional Education ◽  
Elite Cyclists

PurposeAssess the health status and heat preparation strategies of athletes competing in a World Cycling Championships held in hot ambient conditions (37°C, 25% relative humidity, wet-bulb-globe-temperature 27°C) and monitor the medical events arising during competition.Methods69 cyclists (~9% of the world championships participants) completed a pre-competition questionnaire. Illnesses and injuries encountered by the Athlete Medical Centre (AMC) were extracted from the race reports.Results22% of respondents reported illness symptoms in the 10 days preceding the Championships. 57% of respondents had previously experienced heat-related symptoms (cramping most commonly) while 17% had previously been diagnosed with exertional heat illness. 61% of the respondents had undergone some form of heat exposure prior to the Championships, with 38% acclimating for 5 to 30 days. In addition, several respondents declared to live in warm countries and all arrived in Qatar ~5 days prior to their event. 96% of the respondents used a pre-cooling strategy for the time trials and 74% did so before the road race (p<0.001), with ice vests being the most common. The AMC assessed 46 injuries and 26 illnesses in total, with three cyclists diagnosed with heat exhaustion.ConclusionsThe prevalence of previous heat illness in elite cyclists calls for team and event organisation doctors to be trained on heat illness management, including early diagnosis and rapid on-site cooling. Some cyclists had been exposed to the heat prior to the Championships, but few had a dedicated plan, calling for additional education on the importance of heat acclimation. Pre-cooling was widely adopted.

scholarly journals Core Temperature Responses in Elite Cricket Players during Australian Summer Conditions

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Sharon Stay ◽  
Michelle Cort ◽  
David Ward ◽  
Alex Kountouris ◽  
John Orchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Temperature Responses ◽  
Breaks In Play ◽  
Australian Summer

This study aimed to observe core temperature responses in elite cricket players under match conditions during the summer in Australia. Thirty-eight Australian male cricketers ingested capsule temperature sensors during six four-day first-class matches between February 2016 and March 2017. Core temperature (Tc) was recorded during breaks in play. Batters showed an increase in Tc related to time spent batting of approximately 1 °C per two hours of play (p < 0.001). Increases in rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in batters correlated with smaller elevations in Tc (0.2 °C per one unit of elevation in RPE) (p < 0.001). Significant, but clinically trivial, increases in Tc of batters were found related to the day of play, wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT), air temperature, and humidity. A trivial increase in Tc (p < 0.001) was associated with time in the field and RPE when fielding. There was no association between Tc and WBGT, air temperature, humidity, or day of play in fielders. This study demonstrates that batters have greater rises in Tc than other cricket participants, and may have an increased risk of exertional heat illness, despite exposure to similar environmental conditions.

scholarly journals Heat Stress Management in the Military: Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Offsets for Modern Body Armor Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110052
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Hunt ◽  
Adam W. Potter ◽  
Denise M. Linnane ◽  
Xiaojiang Xu ◽  
Mark J. Patterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Temperature ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Body Armor ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Exertional Heat Illness ◽  
Ballistic Protection ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Heavy Work ◽  
Globe Temperature

Objective The aim of this study was to model the effect of body armor coverage on body core temperature elevation and wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) offset. Background Heat stress is a critical factor influencing the health and safety of military populations. Work duration limits can be imposed to mitigate the risk of exertional heat illness and are derived based on the environmental conditions (WBGT). Traditionally a 3°C offset to WBGT is recommended when wearing body armor; however, modern body armor systems provide a range of coverage options, which may influence thermal strain imposed on the wearer. Method The biophysical properties of four military clothing ensembles of increasing ballistic protection coverage were measured on a heated sweating manikin in accordance with standard international criteria. Body core temperature elevation during light, moderate, and heavy work was modeled in environmental conditions from 16°C to 34°C WBGT using the heat strain decision aid. Results Increasing ballistic protection resulted in shorter work durations to reach a critical core temperature limit of 38.5°C. Environmental conditions, armor coverage, and work intensity had a significant influence on WBGT offset. Conclusion Contrary to the traditional recommendation, the required WBGT offset was >3°C in temperate conditions (<27°C WBGT), particularly for moderate and heavy work. In contrast, a lower WBGT offset could be applied during light work and moderate work in low levels of coverage. Application Correct WBGT offsets are important for enabling adequate risk management strategies for mitigating risks of exertional heat illness.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Heat Illness in Tokyo, Japan: Implications for the Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3620
Author(s):  
Kazuki Shimizu ◽  
Stuart Gilmour ◽  
Hiromi Mase ◽  
Phuong Mai Le ◽  
Ayaka Teshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Mass Gathering ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Double Burden ◽  
Health Threat ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Paralympic Games

The 2020 summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in Tokyo were postponed to July–September 2021 due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While COVID-19 has emerged as a monumental health threat for mass gathering events, heat illness must be acknowledged as a potentially large health threat for maintaining health services. We examined the number of COVID-19 admissions and the Tokyo rule for emergency medical care, in Tokyo, from March to September 2020, and investigated the weekly number of emergency transportations due to heat illness and weekly averages of the daily maximum Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) in Tokyo in the summer (2016–2020). The peak of emergency transportations due to heat illness overlapped the resurgence of COVID-19 in 2020, and an increase of heat illness patients and WBGT has been observed. Respect for robust science is critical for the decision-making process of mass gathering events during the pandemic, and science-based countermeasures and implementations for COVID-19 will be warranted. Without urgent reconsiderations and sufficient countermeasures, the double burden of COVID-19 and heat-related illnesses in Tokyo will overwhelm the healthcare provision system, and maintaining essential health services will be challenging during the 2021 summer Olympic and Paralympic Games.

Effect of a Cooling Kit on Physiology and Performance Following Exercise in the Heat

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody R. Smith ◽  
Cory L. Butts ◽  
J.D. Adams ◽  
Matthew A. Tucker ◽  
Nicole E. Moyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Muscle Pain ◽  
Performance Testing ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
And Performance

Context: Exercising in the heat leads to an increase in body temperature that can increase the risk of heat illness or cause detriments in exercise performance. Objective: To examine a phase change heat emergency kit (HEK) on thermoregulatory and perceptual responses and subsequent exercise performance following exercise in the heat. Design: Two randomized crossover trials that consisted of 30 minutes of exercise, 15 minutes of treatment (T1), performance testing (5-10-5 pro-agility test and 1500-m run), and another 15 minutes of treatment (T2) identical to T1. Setting: Outdoors in the heat (wet-bulb globe temperature: 31.5°C [1.8°C] and relative humidity: 59.0% [5.6%]). Participants: Twenty-six (13 men and 13 women) individuals (aged 20–27 y). Interventions: Treatment was performed with HEK and without HEK (control, CON) modality. Main Outcome Measures: Gastrointestinal temperature, mean skin temperature, thirst sensation, and muscle pain. Results: Maximum gastrointestinal temperature following exercise and performance was not different between trials (P > .05). Cooling rate was faster during T1 CON (0.053°C/min [0.049°C/min]) compared with HEK (0.043°C/min [0.032°C/min]; P = .01). Mean skin temperature was lower in HEK during T1 (P < .001) and T2 (P = .05). T2 thirst was lower in CON (P = .02). Muscle pain was lower in HEK in T2 (P = .03). Performance was not altered (P > .05). Conclusions: HEK improved perception but did not enhance cooling or performance following exercise in the heat. HEK is therefore not recommended to facilitate recovery, treat hyperthermia, or improve performance.

EFFECTS OF INONIZING RADIATION CAUSED HEAT STRESS ON THE HUMAN BODY FOR STANDARD ISO 7243

2013 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Van Trong Le ◽  
Thi Tuyet Mai Nguyen ◽  
Thi Xuan Duyen Nguyen ◽  
Ba Luan Nguyen ◽  
Tuyen Pham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Temperature Index ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Simple Index ◽  
Simple Tool ◽  
Results Management ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Hot Environments

Objectives: Presents heat stress Standard ISO 7243, which is based upon the wet bulb globe temperature index (WBGT), and considers its suitability for use worldwide. Materials and Methods: The WBGT index are considered and how it is used in ISO 7243 and across the world as a simple index for monitoring and assessing hot environments. Results: Management systems, involving risk assessments, that take account of context and culture, are required to ensure successful use of the standard and global applicability. For use outdoors, a WBGT equation that includes solar absorptivity is recommended. A ‘clothed WBGT’ is proposed to account for the effects of clothing. Conclusion: ISO 7243 is a simple tool to assess the heat stress and may be applicated worldwide.

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