scholarly journals On the provisional arrangement of the embryonic lymphatic system. An arrangement by means of which a centripetal lymph flow toward the venous circulation is controlled and regulated in an orderly and uniform manner, from the time lymph begins to collect in the interecellular spaces until it is forwarded to the venous circulation

1915 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. W. McClure
1999 ◽  
Vol 276 (5) ◽  
pp. H1795-H1800
Author(s):  
Hans J. Geissler ◽  
Karen L. Davis ◽  
Glen A. Laine ◽  
Michael L. Brennan ◽  
Uwe Mehlhorn ◽  
...  

Cannulation of the canine major prenodal cardiac lymphatic (MPCL) is the most common approach for the investigation of myocardial lymphatic function. However, the assumption that the MPCL drains pure cardiac lymph has been questioned. We studied variations of MPCL anatomy and investigated whether noncardiac lymph is drained by this lymphatic. After dye was injected into the lungs and left ventricular myocardium in 21 dogs, dissection of the cardiac lymphatic system yielded 3 anatomic variations. In variations 1 and 2 (81% of dogs), a mixture of cardiac and pulmonary lymph was drained via the MPCL. In variation 3 (19% of dogs) no connection was found between MPCL and pulmonary lymphatics. In variations 1 and 2, alteration of tidal volume resulted in significant changes of lymph flow rate. The pulmonary contribution to MPCL lymph flow was estimated as 34% in variation 2. We conclude that MPCL lymph may contain not only cardiac lymph but also significant pulmonary contamination. This finding should be considered in the interpretation of lymph data from cannulation of the canine MPCL.


1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. H16-H20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Brace

A method was developed for chronic catheterization of the left thoracic lymph duct at the base of the neck in the sheep fetus, which did not disrupt the other major lymphatic vessels that join the venous circulation at the same location. The lymphatic catheter was connected to a catheter in a jugular vein when lymph flow was not being recorded, so that the lymph continuously returned to the fetal circulation. Special consideration of catheter size to minimize flow resistance and treatment to prevent clotting were required. Individual animals were maintained up to 17 days with lymph flow continuing. In 13 fetuses averaging 128 days gestation (term = 147 days) at the time of catheterization, lymph flow rate was measured for 1 h each day for the first 7 postsurgical days with an on-line computer technique that continuously calculated lymph flow rate. Lymph flow averaged 0.64 +/- 0.17 (SD) ml/min in fetuses weighing 2.3-4 kg and tended to undergo a nonsignificant increase with time. Lymph and plasma protein concentrations did not change with time. In individual fetuses, large spontaneous variations in lymph flow rate occurred over periods of several seconds to a few minutes. Analysis showed that these variations in flow rate were not associated with fetal breathing movements. Thus the present study describes a technique for studying the dynamics of lymph flow in the unanesthetized sheep fetus in utero over a time period limited primarily by the length of gestation. In addition, it appears that thoracic duct lymph flow rate in the fetus per unit body weight averages three to four times that in the adult.


Mathematics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1467
Author(s):  
Anastasia Mozokhina ◽  
Rostislav Savinkov

This paper presents current knowledge about the structure and function of the lymphatic system. Mathematical models of lymph flow in the single lymphangion, the series of lymphangions, the lymph nodes, and the whole lymphatic system are considered. The main results and further perspectives are discussed.


1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Love ◽  
Ronald A. Leslie

✓ Lymph was collected from cervical lymphatic trunks of anesthetized cats under conditions of normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure and again when the CSF pressure was elevated by infusing artificial CSF into the subarachnoid space at the cisterna magna. There was an immediate increase in lymph flow on initiation of the CSF infusion, but this increase was not maintained although the CSF infusion continued. Lymph protein concentrations fell when the CSF infusion started and remained depressed while the infusion of CSF continued. It is postulated that under steady-state conditions much of the CSF leaving the subarachnoid space via the cranial nerves enters the capillaries from the extravascular spaces, and that large molecules from the CSF, such as proteins, return to the blood via the lymphatic system.


1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (3) ◽  
pp. R703-R705 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Drake ◽  
Z. Anwar ◽  
S. Kee ◽  
J. C. Gabel

Intravenous fluid infusions cause increased venous pressure and increased lymph flow throughout the body. Together the increased lymph flow and increased venous pressure (the outflow pressure to the lymphatic system) should increase the pressure within the postnodal intestinal lymphatics. To test this, we measured the pressure in postnodal intestinal lymphatics and the neck vein pressure in five awake sheep. At baseline, the neck vein pressure was 1.2 +/- 1.5 (SD) cmH2O and the lymphatic pressure was 12.5 +/- 1.7 cmH2O. When we infused Ringer solution intravenously (10% body weight in approximately 50 min), the neck vein pressure increased to 17.3 +/- 0.9 cmH2O and the lymphatic pressure increased to 24.6 +/- 3.8 cmH2O (both P < 0.05). In two additional sheep, the thoracic duct lymph flow rate increased from 0.8 +/- 0.4 ml/min at baseline to 5.5 +/- 2.0 ml/min during the infusions. Our results show that postnodal intestinal lymphatic pressure may increase substantially during intravenous fluid infusions. This is important because increases in postnodal lymphatic pressure may slow lymph flow from the intestine.


2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (2) ◽  
pp. H1183-H1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun M. Venugopal ◽  
Randolph H. Stewart ◽  
Glen A. Laine ◽  
Ranjeet M. Dongaonkar ◽  
Christopher M. Quick

The lymphatic system returns interstitial fluid to the central venous circulation, in part, by the cyclical contraction of a series of “lymphangion pumps” in a lymphatic vessel. The dynamics of individual lymphangions have been well characterized in vitro; their frequencies and strengths of contraction are sensitive to both preload and afterload. However, lymphangion interaction within a lymphatic vessel has been poorly characterized because it is difficult to experimentally alter properties of individual lymphangions and because the afterload of one lymphangion is coupled to the preload of another. To determine the effects of lymphangion interaction on lymph flow, we adapted an existing mathematical model of a lymphangion (characterizing lymphangion contractility, lymph viscosity, and inertia) to create a new lymphatic vessel model consisting of several lymphangions in series. The lymphatic vessel model was validated with focused experiments on bovine mesenteric lymphatic vessels in vitro. The model was then used to predict changes in lymph flow with different time delays between onset of contraction of adjacent lymphangions (coordinated case) and with different relative lymphangion contraction frequencies (noncoordinated case). Coordination of contraction had little impact on mean flow. Furthermore, orthograde and retrograde propagations of contractile waves had similar effects on flow. Model results explain why neither retrograde propagation of contractile waves nor the lack of electrical continuity between lymphangions adversely impacts flow. Because lymphangion coordination minimally affects mean flow in lymphatic vessels, lymphangions have flexibility to independently adapt to local conditions.


2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia S. Mozokhina ◽  
Sergey I. Mukhin ◽  
Gennady I. Lobov

Abstract A model of lymph flow in the human lymphatic system in the quasi-one-dimensional approach has been created and investigated under different conditions. The model includes an implementation of contractions and valve influence on lymph flow. We consider contractions of lymphatic vessels and their influence on resulting flow in the whole network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes. We have investigated flow with zero pressure gradient and have found parameters, which influence the efficiency of contractions most significantly.


2015 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
M M Minnebaev

The review summarizes own research and literature on the role of the lymphatic system in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. The typical reaction of lymph circulation seen in shock, acute diffuse peritonitis, in postoperative period is the lymph flow volumetric rate increase. Mobilization of the lymphatic system, extravascular fluid and proteins in well-studied emergencies is explained considering the role of the lymphatic system as a natural source of circulating blood volume regulation and serum proteins replacement («autotransfusion»). These pathological processes are associated with progression of lymphatic failure on the late terms. The principle of lymph circulation targeted stimulation as a way to detoxify the body using hormones and procaine (Novocain) blockade of splanchnic nerves and the borderline sympathetic trunks was proposed based on modeled acute peritonitis. Increased microcirculation and central lymph flow, alterations in resorption, transport and filtration barrier function of the lymphatic system, as well as morphologic and functional reorganization of the lymph nodes were revealed in fever of different duration. Of particular interest are studies on the role of the lymphatic system in the immediate and long-term body adaptation to physical stress. Activation of central lymph circulation in adequate dynamic loads correlated with changes in the system lymph microcirculation (acceleration of lymph flow, increased peristalsis of the lymph microvessels walls and contractile activity of their valves). Extreme physical exhaustion was accompanied by expressed lymphovascular, extravascular and intravascular changes in the microvasculature. Lymphatic failure, as well as structural microcirculation impairments in a trained body occur only in extreme physical stress. Thus, the lymphatic system is involved in many physiological and pathological processes; its functional condition affects the course and outcome of the disease. Therefore, the treatment of the diseases requires, among other measures, correction of lymph formation and circulation (stimulation or inhibition, endolymphatic treatment, thoracic duct drainage, lymphosorption, blockade of nodal pathways and other methods - depending on the specific disease).


2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Ramil R. Amerkhanov ◽  
Radislav R. Amerkhanov

Physical rehabilitation, by the foot method of body systemic mobilization, is a new medical technology. In connection with the current global unstable infectious situation, the need arose again to return to the question of finding and developing a systematic approach of simple and generally available physical methods. Aim. Analyze and evaluate the effect of the method of systemic mobilization of the body with the foot on the immune system of the human body, in order to prevent and rehabilitate post-infectious conditions. Material and methods. The research was carried out in various climatic zones. The procedures were based on the techniques of the first, second and third orders, in the second and third age groups. The first group consisted of patients of the second age group (13-60 years old). The second study group was represented by the third age group (60 years +). Materials of the first age group (up to 13 years old) were not submitted to the analysis. The method of exposure stipulated only the canonical motion direction in the selected sessions, the session lasted within 40-70 minutes, every day, for 10-30 days, taking into account weight, age and chronic diseases. 237 male and female patients’ material was reviewed and analyzed. Results and discussion. The method of systemic mobilization of the body exposed to the foot showed more significant positive results in the second age group - 92.8% and less in the third – 78.6% . To achieve positive results, it took more procedures 4 ± 1.0 in a humid climate compared to a dry one. It has been approved that accelerated blood flow in the main and collateral vessels triggers the activity of the lymphatic system. In the primary lymphoid organs, the hematopoietic function is restored and increased, optimizing lymphopoiesis and the state of lymphodynamics. Techniques of the first order (level) restore the flow of lymph through the superficial lymphatic vessels, collecting and producing outflow of lymph from the skin, subcutaneous tissue, superficial fascia and the surface layer of muscle fibers.Techniques of the second order (level) affect the lymph flow of deep lymphatic vessels, collecting lymph from muscles, joints and bones, producing outflow from deeply located tissues, lymphatic vessels lying along the arteries and veins of the same name, actively anastomosing with a network of superficial lymphatic vessels. Techniques of the III order (level) promote lymph flow through the lymphatic capillaries, from intra- and extra-organ lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts. These techniques create conditions for accelerating drainage in the thoracic duct, producing an “emptying” effect by a direct physical coercion on the vertebral column, penetrating deeply. Conclusion. This method has statistically confirmed studies that indicate its ability to significantly increase the speed of blood flow in the main and adjacent vessels. The method can be considered as having a positive effect on lymphodynamics, in particular on lymphatic capillaries emanating from intra- and extra organ lymphatic vessels, trunks and ducts. By increasing the transport function of the lymphatic vessels, providing a full blood supply (nutrition) to the primary organs of the lymphatic system, exerting a stimulating effect on the spirally oriented lymphangion myocytes, in a soft and carefully worked out way, the foot method of systemic body mobilization creates optimal conditions for the correction of the immune system. Thus, it is able to protect the internal environment of the human body from foreign agents.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
O. V. Sapozhnikova ◽  
E. E. Eliseeva

The article is devoted to the problem of improving immunity during the COVID-19 pandemic and the related effect of lymphatic self-massage.The article analyzes the general concepts of the lymphatic system and its functions, as well as lymphatic self-massage and its effect on cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.It is noted that the lymph flow stimulation through movements activates and normalizes the most important body functions. Using Skype, the authors surveyed medical students about knowledge on benefits and techniques of lymphatic selfmassage.Further, a master class was held on the technique of lymphatic self-massage. The authors studied the awareness of students about the benefits of lymphatic selfmassage, revealed a tendency to chronic diseases and assessed the benefits after the procedure.Based on the data obtained, it was revealed that viral infections, namely COVID-19, provoke one of the most common diseases — autoimmune thyroiditis. So, 64% of the respondents noted about it.Using lymphatic self-massage, the manifestations of this pathology decreases, the facial muscles relax and the blood and lymph outflow improves.Thus, there is an undoubted benefit of lymphatic self-massage for the prevention of diseases with immune involvement, including COVID-19.


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