The relationship between differential stimulus relatedness and implicit measure effect sizes

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between Socially Prescribed Perfectionism (SPP) and the Big Five personality traits in a sample of 804 Primary School students between 8 and 11 years old (M=9.57; SD=1.12). The SPP subscale of the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS) and the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-N), which evaluate the traits of Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, were used. The mean difference analysis showed that students with high levels of SPP scored significantly higher on Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Extraversion and Openness, with small effect sizes for all cases. In contrast, no significant differences were observed in Neuroticism. Logistic regression analysis revealed that all personality traits, except neuroticism, whose results didn’t reach the statistical significance, significantly and positively predicted higher scores on PSP, with OR levels ranging from 1.01 (for Conscientiousness and Agreeableness) to 1.03 (for Openness and Extraversion).

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Use of Composite Outcomes in Neonatal Trials: An Analysis of the Cochrane Reviews

Neonatology ◽

10.1159/000514402 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Nai Ming Lai ◽

Amanda Qiao Ying Yap ◽

Hwee Chin Ong ◽

Sheng Xuan Wai ◽

Julie Hsiao Hui Yeo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Event Rate ◽

A Priori ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Common Component ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Cochrane Reviews ◽

Contrasting Effect ◽

Composite Outcomes ◽

Event Rates ◽

The Relationship

Introduction: Composite outcomes are used to increase the power of a study by combining event rates. Many composite outcomes in adult clinical trials have components that differ substantially in patient importance, event rate, and effect size, making interpretation challenging. Little is known about the use of composite outcomes in neonatal randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Methods: We assessed the use of composite outcomes in neonatal RCTs included in Cochrane Neonatal reviews published till November 2017. Two authors reviewed the components of the composite outcomes to compare their patient importance and computed the ratios of effect sizes and event rates between the components, with an a priori threshold of 1.5, indicating a substantial difference. Descriptive statistics were presented. Results: We extracted 7,766 outcomes in 2,134 RCTs in 312 systematic reviews. Among them, 55 composite outcomes (0.7%) were identified in 46 RCTs. The vast majority (92.7%) of composite outcomes had 2 components, with death being the most common component (included 51 times [92.7%]). The components in nearly three-quarters of the composite outcomes (n = 40 [72.7%]) had different patient importance, while the effect sizes and event rates differed substantially between the components in 27 (49.1%) and 35 (63.6%) outcomes, respectively, with up to 43-fold difference in the event rates observed. Conclusions: The majority of composite outcomes in neonatal RCTs had different patient importance with contrasting effect sizes and event rates between the components. In patient communication, clinicians should highlight individual components, rather than the composites, with explanation on the relationship between the components, to avoid misleading impression on the effect of the intervention. Future trials should report the estimates of all individual components alongside the composite outcomes presented.

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Customer satisfaction, value for money and repurchase intent in the context of system delivery projects: a longitudinal study

International Journal of Managing Projects in Business ◽

10.1108/ijmpb-03-2020-0102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Matti Haverila ◽

Jenny Carita Twyford

Keyword(s):

Project Management ◽

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Relational Exchange ◽

Value For Money ◽

Data Set ◽

Content Type ◽

Repurchase Intent ◽

The Relationship ◽

Relational Exchange Theory

PurposeDrawing upon the relational exchange theory, the longitudinal relationship between various stages of project management customer satisfaction, value for money and repurchase intent are examined.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey questionnaire, data were gathered over four consecutive quarters (N = 2,537). The statistical methods included exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory composite analysis (CCA) and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsProject management was perceived as a three-dimensional construct (proposal, installation, commissioning/start-up). There was a significant longitudinal relationship between project stages and satisfaction in the complete data set. The results varied on the quarterly basis. The relationship customer satisfaction/repurchase intent was significant in the whole data set and during all quarters. This was the case for the relationships between value for money and customer satisfaction and between value for money and repurchase intent. The effect sizes were small between project management stages and customer satisfaction, small to medium for the value for money construct and large for the customer satisfaction construct.Originality/valueAn important implication is the significant relationship between the stages of project management and satisfaction. However, the effect sizes were small, however. The importance of the effect size in comparison to the significance of the relationships is highlighted especially when the sample size is large. The paper also confirms the linear relationship between satisfaction and repurchase intent. The nature of the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty is based on a moderate exchange relationship in the relational exchange continuum. The study contributes to the relational exchange theory in the context of project management.

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Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-Analysis

10.31234/osf.io/y84pu ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Beau Gamble ◽

David Moreau ◽

Lynette J. Tippett ◽

Donna Rose Addis

Keyword(s):

Random Effects ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Emotional Valence ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Future Research ◽

Future Thinking ◽

Moderator Variables ◽

Search Terms ◽

The Relationship

Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory has been well established in depression, but whether this ‘overgenerality’ extends to future thinking has not been the focus of a meta-analysis. Following a preregistered protocol, we searched six electronic databases, Google Scholar, personal libraries, and contacted authors in the field for studies matching search terms related to depression, future thinking, and specificity. We reduced an initial 7,332 results to 46 included studies, with 89 effect sizes and 4,813 total participants. Random effects meta-analytic modelling revealed a small but robust correlation between reduced future specificity and higher levels of depression (r = .13, p < .001). Of the 11 moderator variables examined, the most striking effects related to the emotional valence of future thinking (p < .001) and the sex of participants (p = .025). Namely, depression was linked to reduced specificity for positive (but not negative or neutral) future thinking, and the relationship was stronger in samples with a higher proportion of males. This meta-analysis contributes to our understanding of how prospection is altered in depression and dysphoria and, by revealing areas where current evidence is inconclusive, highlights key avenues for future research.

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Disentangling ADHD's Presentation-Related Decision-Making—A Meta-Analytic Approach on Predominant Presentations

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.519840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Marcel Schulze ◽

David Coghill ◽

Silke Lux ◽

Alexandra Philipsen

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

Reinforcement Learning ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Attention Deficit ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Analytic Approach ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Hyperactivity Disorder ◽

The Relationship

Background: Deficient decision-making (DM) in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by altered reward sensitivity, higher risk taking, and aberrant reinforcement learning. Previous meta-analysis aggregate findings for the ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C) mostly, while the ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-I) and the predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation (ADHD-H) were not disentangled. The objectives of the current meta-analysis were to aggregate findings from DM for each presentation separately.Methods: A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed (Medline) and Web of Science Database took place using the keywords “ADHD,” “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” “decision-making,” “risk-taking,” “reinforcement learning,” and “risky.” Random-effects models based on correlational effect-sizes were conducted. Heterogeneity analysis and sensitivity/outlier analysis were performed, and publication biases were assessed with funnel-plots and the egger intercept.Results: Of 1,240 candidate articles, seven fulfilled criteria for analysis of ADHD-C (N = 193), seven for ADHD-I (N = 256), and eight for ADHD-H (N = 231). Moderate effect-size were found for ADHD-C (r = 0.34; p = 0.0001; 95% CI = [0.19, 0.49]). Small effect-sizes were found for ADHD-I (r = 0.09; p = 0.0001; 95% CI = [0.008, 0.25]) and for ADHD-H (r = 0.1; p = 0.0001; 95% CI = [−0.012, 0.32]). Heterogeneity was moderate for ADHD-H. Sensitivity analyses show robustness of the analysis, and no outliers were detected. No publication bias was evident.Conclusion: This is the first study that uses a meta-analytic approach to investigate the relationship between the different presentations of ADHD separately. These findings provide first evidence of lesser pronounced impairment in DM for ADHD-I and ADHD-I compared to ADHD-C. While the exact factors remain elusive, the current study can be considered as a starting point to reveal the relationship of ADHD presentations and DM more detailed.

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Subjective Likelihood and the Construal Level of Future Events: A Replication Study of Wakslak, Trope, Liberman, and Alony (2006)

10.31234/osf.io/gd6ej ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sofia Calderon ◽

Erik Mac Giolla ◽

Karl Ask ◽

Pär Anders Granhag

Keyword(s):

Mental Representation ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Major Influence ◽

Construal Level ◽

Bayesian Analyses ◽

Previous Conclusion ◽

Strong Trend ◽

Future Events ◽

The Relationship ◽

Diagnostic Support

C. J. Wakslak, Y. Trope, N. Liberman, and R. Alony (2006), Seeing the forest when entry is unlikely: Probability and the mental representation of events, Journal of experimental psychology: General, examined the effect of manipulating the likelihood of future events on level of construal (i.e., mental abstraction). Over seven experiments, they consistently found that subjectively unlikely (vs. likely) future events were more abstractly (vs. concretely) construed. This well-cited, but understudied finding has had a major influence on the CLT literature: Likelihood is considered to be one of four psychological distances assumed to influence mental abstraction in similar ways (Trope & Liberman, 2010). Contrary to the original empirical findings, we present two close replication attempts (N = 115 and N = 120; the original studies had N = 20 and N = 34) which failed to find the effect of likelihood on construal level. Bayesian analyses provided diagnostic support for the absence of an effect. In light of the failed replications, we present a meta-analytic summary of the accumulated evidence on the effect. It suggests a strong trend of declining effect sizes as a function of larger samples. These results call into question the previous conclusion that likelihood has a reliable influence on construal level. We discuss the implications of these findings for construal level theory, and advise against treating likelihood as a psychological distance until further tests have established the relationship.

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Within-person variability in men’s facial width-to-height ratio

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.1801 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. e1801 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Robin S.S. Kramer

Keyword(s):

Facial Expressions ◽

Effect Size ◽

Focal Length ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Emotional Expressions ◽

Head Pose ◽

Height Ratio ◽

Camera Parameters ◽

Study Designs ◽

The Relationship

Background.In recent years, researchers have investigated the relationship between facial width-to-height ratio (FWHR) and a variety of threat and dominance behaviours. The majority of methods involved measuring FWHR from 2D photographs of faces. However, individuals can vary dramatically in their appearance across images, which poses an obvious problem for reliable FWHR measurement.Methods.I compared the effect sizes due to the differences between images taken with unconstrained camera parameters (Studies 1 and 2) or varied facial expressions (Study 3) to the effect size due to identity, i.e., the differences between people. In Study 1, images of Hollywood actors were collected from film screenshots, providing the least amount of experimental control. In Study 2, controlled photographs, which only varied in focal length and distance to camera, were analysed. In Study 3, images of different facial expressions, taken in controlled conditions, were measured.Results.Analyses revealed that simply varying the focal length and distance between the camera and face had a relatively small effect on FWHR, and therefore may prove less of a problem if uncontrolled in study designs. In contrast, when all camera parameters (including the camera itself) are allowed to vary, the effect size due to identity was greater than the effect of image selection, but the ranking of the identities was significantly altered by the particular image used. Finally, I found significant changes to FWHR when people posed with four of seven emotional expressions in comparison with neutral, and the effect size due to expression was larger than differences due to identity.Discussion.The results of these three studies demonstrate that even when head pose is limited to forward facing, changes to the camera parameters and a person’s facial expression have sizable effects on FWHR measurement. Therefore, analysing images that fail to constrain some of these variables can lead to noisy and unreliable results, but also relationships caused by previously unconsidered confounds.

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Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis

10.31234/osf.io/bt5y3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Agadullina ◽

Andrey Lovakov ◽

Olga Gulevich ◽

Maryana Balezina

Keyword(s):

Physical Violence ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Violent Behavior ◽

Ambivalent Sexism ◽

Benevolent Sexism ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Hostile Sexism ◽

Sample Type ◽

Attitudes Toward Violence ◽

The Relationship

We analyzed 498 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward male-to-female violence, and 133 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and violent behavior. The results showed that hostile sexism is more strongly associated with both attitudes toward violence (r = .517) and violent behavior (r = .250) than benevolent sexism is (r = .328 and r = .049, respectively). The type of violence and the target of violence are the significant moderators for hostile sexism: the smallest effect size was observed for attitudes toward physical violence and the weaker correlation between hostile sexism and violent behavior was where an intimate partner was involved. Our findings revealed that gender and sample type were not significant moderators while the higher the level of equality in the country where the study was conducted, the higher the correlation between benevolent sexism and attitudes toward violence.

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Linking Moral Identity With Moral Emotions: A Meta-Analysis

Review of General Psychology ◽

10.1177/1089268019880887 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 444-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jean Paul Lefebvre ◽

Tobias Krettenauer

Keyword(s):

Positive Emotions ◽

Moral Identity ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Moral Emotions ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Moral Functioning ◽

Moral Anger ◽

Other Regarding ◽

The Relationship

This meta-analysis examined the relationship between moral identity and moral emotions drawing on 57 independent studies. Moral identity was significantly associated with moral emotions, r = .32, p < .01, 95% confidence interval [CI: .27, .36]. Effect sizes were moderated by the type of moral emotion. Studies reporting other-regarding emotions (sympathy, empathy, and compassion) had the largest effect sizes ( r = .41), while negative other-evaluative emotions (moral anger, contempt, and disgust) had the smallest ( r = .16). Self-evaluative and other-evaluative positive emotions had intermediate effect sizes ( r values between .29 and .32). The type of emotion measure also was a significant moderator, with trait measures of emotion ( r = .38) correlating more strongly with moral identity than state measures ( r = .24). Effect sizes did not differ for the type of moral identity measure being used, publication status, or cultural origin of the study sample. The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate a robust empirical connection between moral identity and moral emotions, which confirms the multifaceted role of moral identity in moral functioning.

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Clarifying the two facets of Self-Oriented Perfectionism: influences on affect and the Big Five traits of personality in children

Anales de Psicología ◽

10.6018/analesps.35.2.332891 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 280-289

Author(s):

María Vicent ◽

Cándido J. Inglés ◽

Ricardo Sanmartín ◽

Carolina Gonzálvez ◽

María del Pilar Aparicio-Flores ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Negative Affect ◽

Positive Affect ◽

Big Five ◽

Openness To Experience ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Big Five Traits ◽

Student’S T ◽

The Relationship ◽

Student’S T Test

This study analyses the relationship between the perfectionism dimensions, i.e. Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Critical (SOP-C) and Self-Oriented Perfectionism-Striving (SOP-S), and affect and the Big Five traits of personality in a sample of 804 Spanish students aged 8 to 11 (M = 9.57; DE = 1.12). Student’s t test, Cohen’s d index and logistic regression analysis were used. The high SOP-C group scored significantly higher than their peers having low SOP-C on Negative Affect and Neuroticism, and lower on Positive Affect, Agreeableness, Consciousness and Openness to Experience. To the contrary, students with high SOP-S scored significantly higher on all adaptive dimensions (i.e. Positive Affect, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Consciousness and Openness to Experience), and lower on Negative Affect and Neuroticism. Effect sizes were small for most of statistically significant differences. These findings were also supported by regression analysis. Results are discussed in light of the debate on the adaptive or maladaptive nature of Self-Oriented Perfectionism.

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