Incubation temperature influences the behavioral traits of a young precocial bird

This study investigated the boreal digging frog, Kaloula borealis, to determine the egg hatching period and whether the hatching period is affected by incubation temperature. The results of this study showed that all the eggs hatched within 48 h after spawning, with 28.1% (±10.8, n=52) hatching within 24 h and 99.9% (±0.23, n=49) within 48 h after spawning. A significant difference was noted in the mean hatching proportion of tadpoles at different water temperatures. The mean hatching rates between 15 and 24 h after spawning was higher at a water temperature of 21.1 (±0.2) °C than at 24.1 (±0.2) °C. These results suggest that incubation temperature affected the early life stages of the boreal digging frog, since they spawn in ponds or puddles that form during the rainy season.

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Effectiveness of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) starch replacing ratio and incubation temperature in lactic fermentation of formulated yoghurt

Research on Crops ◽

10.31830/2348-7542.2020.034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Incubation Temperature ◽

Lactic Fermentation ◽

Artocarpus Altilis

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Influence of Incubation Temperature on Muscle Development in the Turkey and Possible Consequences for Post-Hatch Growth

Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews ◽

10.3184/147020604783638137 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 227-228

Author(s):

V. Maltby ◽

A. Somaiya ◽

N. Stickland

Keyword(s):

Muscle Development ◽

Incubation Temperature

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H2S papers as presumptive tests for Salmonella contamination in tropical drinking water

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1996.0621 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 34 (7-8) ◽

pp. 187-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tanya Gawthorne ◽

Robyn A. Gibbs ◽

Kuruvilla Mathew ◽

Goen E. Ho

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Hydrogen Sulphide ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Faecal Contamination ◽

Tropical Waters ◽

Remote Areas ◽

Traditional Indicator

Coliform bacteria may not be adequate as sole indicators of recent faecal contamination in tropical waters. Salmonella spp. in particular have been found in tropical waters in the absence of traditional indicator bacteria. Remote areas without access to a laboratory have no opportunity for salmonellae analysis as portable tests are currently not available. H2S papers indicate the presence of hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria, a characteristic shared by the majority of Salmonella spp.. The potential of H2S papers to act as a presumptive test for salmonellae in the absence of coliform bacteria was assessed. Salmonella spp. grew in the H2S medium, with an optimum incubation temperature of 37°C and a recommended length of incubation for a negative result of 48 hours. The presence of high numbers of the type of noncoliform bacteria commonly found in drinking water did not affect the performance of the H2S strips. H2S papers are recommended for use in conjunction with a coliform test as a presumptive test for the presence of Salmonella spp. in drinking water.

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Circulatory Cells as Tumortropic Carrier for Targetability Improvement

Current Drug Delivery ◽

10.2174/1567201817666201124122344 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Dan Zou ◽

Yajun Weng ◽

Ping Yang

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Cell Function ◽

Incubation Temperature ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Controlled Drug Release ◽

Membrane Receptors ◽

Circulation Time ◽

Targeting Efficiency

Background: How to achieve high targeting efficiency for drug delivery system is still one of the most important issues that tumor diagnosis and non-surgical therapies faced. Although nanoparticle-based drug delivery system made an amount of progress in extending circulation time, improving targetability, controlled drug release etc., yet the targeting efficiency remained low, and the development was limited to reduce side effects with overall survival rates unchanged or improved a little. Objective: This paper aims to review current researches on the cell-driven drug delivery systems, and discuss the potential obstacles and directions for cell-based cancer therapies and diagnosis. Methods: More than one hundred references were collected, and this paper focused on red blood cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, cell membrane, artificial cells and extracellular vesicles, then summarized 1) the utilizable properties, 2) balancing cargo-loading amounts and cell function, 3) cascade strategies for targetability improvement. Main findings: circulatory cells and their derivatives were featured by good biocompatibility, long circulation time in blood, unique chemo-migration and penetration ability. On the base of backpack and encapsulation approach, cargo loading amounts and cell function could be balanced through regulating membrane receptors, particle material/size/shape/structure and incubation temperature, etc. The cell-driven drug delivery system met most of the demands that nanoparticle-based delivery system failed to for effective tumortropic delivery. Conclusion: Despite of new challenges, cell-driven drug delivery system generally brought great benefits to and shed a light on for cancer therapy and diagnosis.

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Effects of Fermentative Factors on Biochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics of Probiotic Iranian Fermented Milk (Doogh)

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401313666170614092802 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 40-47

Author(s):

Elaheh Ahmadi ◽

Reza Mohammadi ◽

Sara Hasanvand ◽

Milad Rouhi ◽

Amir Mohammad Mortazavian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incubation Temperature ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Starter Culture ◽

Fermented Milk ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Viable Count ◽

Sensory Characteristics ◽

Refrigerated Storage ◽

Increase Rate ◽

Probiotic Strains

Background: Doogh is a traditional Iranian fermented milk drink that is currently a very popular product in Iran. In the present study, the combined effects of incubation temperature, type of starter culture, and final pH of fermentation on the viability of two probiotic strains (Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 (A) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 (B)) and biochemical and sensory characteristics of probiotic Doogh were investigated. Method: Different treatments were prepared with yoghurt starter culture containing probiotics, using reconstituted skimmed milk with 6% of solid nonfat. They were incubated at 38°C or 44°C until pH 4.0 or pH 4.5 and were kept for 21 days at 4°C or 8°C storage temperature. The biochemical properties of treatments were evaluated during fermentation and refrigerated storage. The viable count and sensory attributes of treatments were studied at the end of fermentation and at the end of storage. Results: Results showed that the greatest mean pH drop rate, mean acidity increase rate and mean redox potential increase rate and the shortest incubation time were observed in treatments incubated at 44°C with final pH of 4.5. The highest survival of both probiotic strains during storage was related to treatments with fermentation temperature of 38°C and final pH of 4.5. Treatments ABY1-38°C-4.0 had the highest sensorial total acceptance at the end of refrigerated storage. Conclusion: It would be concluded that the best treatment was ABY3-38°C-4 stored at 8°C in regards of probiotics’ viability and sensory characteristics of Doogh. Thus, controlling the temperature of refrigerated storage is the most importance factor during storage and distribution.

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