Improved Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Wood/PLA All‐Degradable Biocomposites with Novel Lignin‐Based Flame Retardant and TGIC

This paper summarizes the results obtained in the course of the development of a specific group of biocomposites with high functionality of flame retardancy, which are environmentally acceptable at the same time. Conventional biocomposites have to be altered through different modifications, to be able to respond to the stringent standards and environmental requests of the circular economy. The most commonly produced types of biocomposites are those composed of a biodegradable PLA matrix and plant bast fibres. Despite of numerous positive properties of natural fibres, flammability of plant fibres is one of the most pronounced drawbacks for their wider usage in biocomposites production. Most recent novelties regarding the flame retardancy of nanocomposites are presented, with the accent on the agents of nanosize (nanofillers), which have been chosen as they have low or non-toxic environmental impact, but still offer enhanced flame retardant (FR) properties. The importance of a nanofiller’s geometry and shape (e.g., nanodispersion of nanoclay) and increase in polymer viscosity, on flame retardancy has been stressed. Although metal oxydes are considered the most commonly used nanofillers there are numerous other possibilities presented within the paper. Combinations of clay based nanofillers with other nanosized or microsized FR agents can significantly improve the thermal stability and FR properties of nanocomposite materials. Further research is still needed on optimizing the parameters of FR compounds to meet numerous requirements, from the improvement of thermal and mechanical properties to the biodegradability of the composite products. Presented research initiatives provide genuine new opportunities for manufacturers, consumers and society as a whole to create a new class of bionanocomposite materials with added benefits of environmental improvement.

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Growing metal–organic framework nanoparticles on short carbon fibers to improve flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical properties of the flame retardant epoxy composites

Journal of Materials Science ◽

10.1007/s10853-021-06507-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jian Lin ◽

Kangqi Wang ◽

Jiangen Li ◽

Dangsha Yang ◽

Yanyan Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Carbon Fibers ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Epoxy Composites ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Short Carbon ◽

Organic Framework

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The synergistic action between anhydride grafted carbon fiber and intumescent flame retardant enhances flame retardancy and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials ◽

10.1080/14686996.2018.1528567 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 718-731 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Hai-ming Deng ◽

Jia-you Xu ◽

Xiu-yan Li ◽

Yi-lan Ye ◽

Hai-qing Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Carbon Fiber ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Synergistic Action ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽

Polypropylene Composites

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A bio-based phosphaphenanthrene-containing derivative modified epoxy thermosets with good flame retardancy, high mechanical properties and transparency

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/d1ra05709j ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (49) ◽

pp. 30943-30954

Author(s):

Wei Peng ◽

Yu-xuan Xu ◽

Shi-bin Nie ◽

Wei Yang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Epoxy Resins ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

The Past ◽

Phosphorus Containing ◽

Modified Epoxy

Phosphorus-containing flame retardants have received huge interest for improving the flame retardant behavior of epoxy resins (EP) over the past few decades.

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Surface microencapsulation modification of aluminum hypophosphite and improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of flame-retardant acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c5ra02308d ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (61) ◽

pp. 49143-49152 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Ningjing Wu ◽

Zhaoxia Xiu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Impact Strength ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Aluminum Hypophosphite ◽

Butadiene Styrene

Silicone-microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite (SiAHP) improved effectively the flame retardancy and significantly enhanced the notched impact strength of ABS/SiAHP composites.

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Highly Efficient Composite Flame Retardants for Improving the Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of EVA

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13051251 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1251

Author(s):

Yilin Liu ◽

Bin Li ◽

Miaojun Xu ◽

Lili Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Thermal Stability ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Production Rate ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Mass Loss Rate ◽

Smoke Suppression ◽

Average Mass

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer has been used extensively in many fields. However, EVA is flammable and releases CO gas during burning. In this work, a composite flame retardant with ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a charring–foaming agent (CFA), and a layered double hydroxide (LDH) containing rare-earth elements (REEs) was obtained and used to improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and smoke suppression for an EVA matrix. The thermal analysis showed that the maximum thermal degradation temperature of all composites increased by more than 37 °C compared with that of pure EVA. S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA could achieve self-extinguishing behavior according to the UL-94 tests (V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate (pk-HRR) indicated that all LDHs containing REEs obviously reduced the fire strength in comparison with S-MgAl. In particular, pk-HRR of S-LaMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA, S-CeMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA and S-NdMgAl/APP/CFA/EVA were all decreased by more than 82% in comparison with pure EVA. Furthermore, the total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and production rate of CO (COP) also decreased significantly. The average mass loss rate (AMLR) confirmed that the flame retardant exerted an effect in the condensed phase of the composites. Meanwhile, the combination of APP, CFA, and LDH containing REEs allowed the EVA matrix to maintain good mechanical properties.

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Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites with Low Densities

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12010152 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 152 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nerea Pérez ◽

Xiao-Lin Qi ◽

Shibin Nie ◽

Pablo Acuña ◽

Ming-Jun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Zirconium Phosphate ◽

Synergetic Effect ◽

Low Density ◽

Material Density ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Pp Composites

Polypropylene (PP) is currently widely used in areas requiring lightweight materials because of its low density. Due to the intrinsic flammability, the application of PP is restricted in many conditions. Aluminum trihydroxide (ATH) is reported as a practical flame retardant for PP, but the addition of ATH often diminishes the lightweight advantage of PP. Therefore, in this work, glass bubbles (GB) and octacedylamine-modified zirconium phosphate (mZrP) are introduced into the PP/ATH composite in order to lower the material density and simultaneously maintain/enhance the flame retardancy. A series of PP composites have been prepared to explore the formulation which can endow the composite with balanced flame retardancy, good mechanical properties, and low density. The morphology, thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of the composites were characterized. The results indicated the addition of GB could reduce the density, but decreased the flame retardancy of PP composites at the same time. To overcome this defect, ATH and mZrP with synergetic effect of flame retardancy were added into the composite. The dosage of each additive was optimized for achieving a balance of flame retardancy, good mechanical properties, and density. With 47 wt % ATH, 10 wt % GB, and 3 wt % mZrP, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total smoke production (TSP) of the composite PP-4 were reduced by 91% and 78%, respectively. At the same time, increased impact strength was achieved compared with neat PP and the composite with ATH only. Maintaining the flame retardancy and mechanical properties, the density of composite PP-4 (1.27 g·cm−3) is lower than that with ATH only (PP-1, 1.46 g·cm−3). Through this research, we hope to provide an efficient approach to designing flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites with low density.

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Effects of Combining Graphene Nanoplatelet and Phosphorous Flame Retardant as Additives on Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Nanocomposite

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12102349 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 2349

Author(s):

Woranan Netkueakul ◽

Beatrice Fischer ◽

Christian Walder ◽

Frank Nüesch ◽

Marcel Rees ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Crosslinking Density ◽

Milling Process ◽

Structure Property ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Graphene Nanoplatelet ◽

Phosphorous Flame Retardant

The effects of combining 0.1–5 wt % graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and 3–30 wt % phosphorous flame retardant, 9,10- dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as fillers in epoxy polymer on the mechanical, flame retardancy, and electrical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. GNP was homogeneously dispersed into the epoxy matrix using a solvent-free three-roll milling process, while DOPO was incorporated into the epoxy resin by mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. The incorporation of DOPO reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin. When using polyetheramine as a hardener, the structural rigidity effect of DOPO overshadowed the crosslinking effect and governed the flexural moduli of epoxy/DOPO resins. The flexural moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by adding GNP up to 5 wt % and DOPO up to 30 wt %, whereas the flexural strengths deteriorated when the GNP and DOPO loading were higher than 1 wt % and 10 wt %, respectively. Limited by the adverse effects on mechanical property, the loading combinations of GNP and DOPO within the range of 0–1 wt % and 0–10 wt %, respectively, in epoxy resin were further studied. Flame retardancy index (FRI), which depended on three parameters obtained from cone calorimetry, was considered to evaluate the flame retardancy of the epoxy composites. DOPO showed better performance than GNP as the flame retardant additive, while combining DOPO and GNP could further improve FRI to some extent. With the combination of 0.5 wt % GNP and 10 wt % DOPO, improvement in both mechanical properties and flame retardant efficiency of the nanocomposite was observed. Such a combination did not affect the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites since the percolation threshold was at 1.6 wt % GNP. Our results enhance the understanding of the structure–property relationship of additive-filled epoxy resin composites and serve as a property constraining guidance for the composite manufacturing.

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Novel synthesis of nanoparticles-based back coating flame-retardant materials for historic textile fabrics conservation

Journal of Industrial Textiles ◽

10.1177/1528083715619957 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1379-1392 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nour Attia ◽

Harby Ahmed ◽

Dina Yehia ◽

Mohamed Hassan ◽

Yassin Zaddin

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Silica Nanoparticles ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Coating Layer ◽

Back Surface ◽

Thermal Method ◽

Mechanical Mixing ◽

One Pot ◽

Textile Fabrics

Novel flame-retardant back coating layer for historic textile fabrics was developed. Silica nanoparticles originated from agriculture waste rice husk were prepared through one pot thermal method. The morphological and structure properties of nanoparticles were studied. The silica nanoparticles were further impregnated with organic borate producing flame-retardant composite. The obtained composite incorporated with the binder by mechanical mixing providing flame-retardant coating paste. The coating paste spread on the back surface of textile fabrics. Varied compositions of nanoparticles, binder and organic borate were studied in the back coating layer. The flammability, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the blank and treated samples of linen fabrics as an inner support to the historical textiles were investigated. Flame retardancy of the back-coated linen samples has improved achieved high class of flame-retardant textile fabrics of zero rate of burning compared to 80.3 mm/min for blank. The synergistic effect of flame retardancy between nanoparticles and organic borate was investigated. The tensile strength of the flame retardant fabrics was enhanced by 27% and elongation was improved. The effect of industrial aging on the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of flame-retardant back coating textiles was studied.

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