Experiment-Based Exams and the Difference Between the Behavioral and the Natural Sciences

2007 ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ido Erev ◽  
Re’ut Livne-Tarandach
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Difference

Defending the Difference

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

scholarly journals RESPONSE FUNCTIONS TO CRITICAL SHOCKS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES: AN EMPIRICAL AND NUMERICAL STUDY

2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (06) ◽  
pp. 809-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. ROEHNER ◽  
D. SORNETTE ◽  
J. V. ANDERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
Damage Spreading ◽  
Exogenous Shocks ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Difference

We show that, provided one focuses on properly selected episodes, one can apply to the social sciences the same observational strategy that has proved successful in natural sciences such as astrophysics or geodynamics. For instance, in order to probe the cohesion of a society, one can, in different countries, study the reactions to some huge and sudden exogenous shocks, which we call Dirac shocks. This approach naturally leads to the notion of structural (as opposed or complementary to temporal) forecast. Although structural predictions are by far the most common way to test theories in the natural sciences, they have been much less used in the social sciences. The Dirac shock approach opens the way to testing structural predictions in the social sciences. The examples reported here suggest that critical events are able to reveal pre-existing "cracks" because they probe the social cohesion which is an indicator and predictor of future evolution of the system, and in some cases they foreshadow a bifurcation. We complement our empirical work with numerical simulations of the response function ("damage spreading") to Dirac shocks in the Sznajd model of consensus build-up. We quantify the slow relaxation of the difference between perturbed and unperturbed systems, the conditions under which the consensus is modified by the shock and the large variability from one realization to another.

scholarly journals Abraham Kuyper’s view of the natural sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Church And State ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Common Grace ◽  
The Difference

This paper examines Kuyper’s view of the natural sciences. For Kuyper science is by design a unique creature of God, it flourishes within society, it grows and develops. It is part of creation, so even if there were to have been no fall, we would still have science. The fall, however, has impacted on science to an unimaginable extent. Science is independent of both church and state, thus science must be allowed to flourish unhampered by both. Science, for Kuyper, involves thinking God’s thoughts after him. There are two kinds of science and two kinds of people: normalists and abnormalists – what makes the difference is regeneration or palingenesis – this is Kuyper’s antithesis. Common grace is important for science without it the post-fall decline of science would be absolute. Strands of scholasticism are identified in Kuyper’s approach.

scholarly journals Karakter Morfologi dan Sitologi Bunga Pepaya Merah Delima

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Noflindawati Noflindawati ◽  
Aswaldi Anwar ◽  
Yusniwati Yusniwati ◽  
Agus Sutanto
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Hermaphrodite Flower ◽  
Tropical Fruit ◽  
Biology Department ◽  
Research Material ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Flowers ◽  
Female Flowers ◽  
Perfect Flower

The papaya plant has three types of flowering, male flowers, female flowers, and perfect flower (hermaphrodite). The difference in interest affects the shape of the resulting fruit. This study aimed to characterize morphology and cytology of papaya flowers. The study was conducted in Tropical Fruit  Research  Institute at Solok and Laboratory of SPT at the Biology Department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatra. The research material uses papaya flowers Merah Delima variety  from KP. Aripan Balitbu Troipka. The results showed the male flowers of male plants were smaller than the male flowers of the perfect plant. The difference of hermaphrodite flower of pentandria with hermaphrodite elongata flower, among others, the number of stamens, the length of the stem and the size of the ovary. Hermaphrodite pentandria has a number of stamens 5 while elongata has stamens 10

scholarly journals Varying Written Perspectives on Politics of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 106-114
Author(s):  
Sajid Mahmood Awan ◽  
Sana Hussan
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Empirical Approaches

Every discipline has its own specific perspective. The very difference of varying perspectives draws a line primarily between scientific and nonscientific knowledge. Then, amongst sciences it differentiates the rational from the empirical sciences. Apart from the natural sciences social sciences also utilize both rational and empirical approaches to science. Even, with in both of these perspectives there are also some other perspectives of social sciences. The present paper attempts to explore these perspectives as per the varying approaches of the respective writers contributing to the domain of the politics of Pakistan. A number of scholars have explored the politics of Pakistan. A brief review of them shows that they have studied the phenomenon of politics in Pakistan as per their respective approaches. The varying perspectives of these researchers can broadly be categorised into four main approaches i.e. 'Elitist Approach', 'Marxian Approach', 'Ideological Approach', and 'Praetorian Approach'. Every researcher of social science should necessarily understand the difference of these perspectives before initiating his investigation in to the politics of Pakistan. This paper aims to engulf the writings of all the potential writers in this field.

scholarly journals EFEKTIVITAS MODEL COLLABORATIVE TEAMWORK LEARNING BERBASIS PRAKTIKUM PADA SUB MATERI REAKSI PENGENDAPAN TERHADAP SIKAP ILMIAH DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA KELAS XI IPA SMA NEGERI 2 SUNGAI RAYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rindha Permata Dewi ◽  
Tuti Kurniati ◽  
Fitriani Fitriani
Keyword(s):  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Team Work ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Scientific Attitude ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Collaborative Team ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Work Model

This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness and the difference of student’s scientific attitude and learning achievement in practicum based collaborative team work learning using expository model in Precipitation Reactions class at the ninth grade Natural Sciences Class of SMA Negeri 2 Sungai Raya. Using a quasi-experimental design, two classes of Natural Sciences participated in this study. In this case, the IPA 1 class was treated as the control group, and the IPA 2 class was treated as the experiment group. The data collection tool of the student’s scientific attitude was an observation sheet, and the tool of the student’s achievement was an essay test. The results of the U-Mann Whitney of SPSS 17,0 showed the difference on the student’s scientific attitude in curiosity, respect on data or facts, critical thinking, open-minded and cooperative attitude, perseverance, and sensitivity (P value (0,000) < α (0,05)). The results also indicated the difference on the student’s learning achievement in control group treated by using practicum-based collaborative team work model, and in control group treated by using practicum-based expository model. The effect size measurement revealed 1.08 (scientific attitude) and 0.96 (learning achievement) and were considered high.

FIRST RECORD OF Balanophora elongata var. ungeriana SPECIES IN SOUTH SUMATRA

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guntur Pragustiandi ◽  
Sarno Sarno ◽  
Yuanita Windusari ◽  
Dafid Pirnanda ◽  
Doni Setiawan
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
First Record ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
West Java ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Protection Forest ◽  
Sumatra Island ◽  
The Difference

The study of Balanophora in South Sumatra has been carried out from July-August 2018. This research uses the direct observation and collection method in 3 km long track in the Bukit Jambul Gunung Patah Protection Forest Area, South Sumatra. Sample identification was carried out in the Biology Department of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sriwijaya University. The results show that there is one Balanophora species, B. elongata. There are 2 subspecies of this species, namely B. elongata var. elongata and B. elongata var. ungeriana (Valeton) B. Hansen. The difference between these 2 subspecies is var. ungeriana in the tubers is not elongated with longitudinally coarse luruk leaves. At that location only found species of B. elongata var. ungeriana. Distribution: Peninsula Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, and mostly in West Java for subsp. ungeriana is only recorded on the island of Java precisely at Mount Salak and Mount Gede in West Java. This species is the first record for the Sumatra Island. There are around 30 individual species of B. elongata var. ungeriana respectively 23 female individuals and 7 male individuals. Bulbs, leaf characters and flower types are important to identifying the species of Balanophora. Most of these species are found in habitats where they have a height of 1000-2800 meters above sea level which are suitable for habitat in the Bukit Jambul Gunung Patah Protection Forest Area.

Reduction

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Hüttemann ◽  
Alan Love
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Analytic Philosophy ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Biological Science ◽  
Limit Case ◽  
Theory Reduction ◽  
Layer Cake ◽  
Difference Making ◽  
The Difference

Reduction and reductionism have been central philosophical topics in analytic philosophy of science for more than six decades. Together they encompass a diversity of issues from metaphysics and epistemology. This article provides an introduction to the topic that illuminates how contemporary epistemological discussions took their shape historically and limns the contours of concrete cases of reduction in specific natural sciences. The unity of science and the impulse to accomplish compositional reduction in accord with a layer-cake vision of the sciences, the seminal contributions of Ernest Nagel on theory reduction and how they strongly conditioned subsequent philosophical discussions, and the detailed issues pertaining to different accounts of reduction that arise in both physical and biological science (e.g., limit-case and part-whole reduction in physics, the difference-making principle in genetics, and mechanisms in molecular biology) are explored. The conclusion argues that the epistemological heterogeneity and patchwork organization of the natural sciences encourages a pluralist stance about reduction.

scholarly journals Emergence, a Universal Phenomenon which Connects Reality to Consciousness, Natural Sciences to Humanities

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-106
Author(s):  
Gabriel Crumpei ◽  
Alina Gavriluţ
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Neurosciences ◽  
Mathematical Formalization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Progress in neuroscience has left a central question of psychism unanswered: what is consciousness? Modeling the psyche from a computational perspective has helped to develop cognitive neurosciences, but it has also shown their limits, of which the definition, description and functioning of consciousness remain essential. From Rene Descartes, who tackled the issue of psychism as the brain-mind dualism, to Chambers, who defined qualia as the tough, difficult problem of research in neuroscience, many hypotheses and theories have been issued to encompass the phenomenon of consciousness. Neuroscience specialists, such as Giulio Tononi or David Eagleman, consider consciousness as a phenomenon of emergence of all processes that take place in the brain. This hypothesis has the advantage of being supported by progress made in the study of complex systems in which the issue of emergence can be mathematically formalized and analyzed by physical-mathematical models. The current tendency to associate neural networks within the broad scope of network science also allows for a physical-mathematical formalization of phenomenology in neural networks and the construction of information-symbolic models. The extrapolation of emergence at the level of physical systems, biological systems and psychic systems can bring new models that can also be applied to the concept of consciousness. The meaning and significance that seem to structure the nature of consciousness is found as direction of evolution and teleological finality, of integration in the whole system and in any complex system at all scales. Starting from the wave-corpuscle duality in quantum physics, we can propose a model for structuring reality, based on the emergence of systems that contribute to the integration and coherence of the entire reality. Physical-mathematical models based mainly on (mereo)topology can provide a mathematical formalization path, and the paradigm of information could allow the development of a pattern of emergence, that is common to all systems, including the psychic system, the difference being given only by the degree of information complexity. Thus, the mind-brain duality, which has been dominating the representation on psychism for a few centuries, could be solved by an informational approach, describing the connection between object and subject, reality and human consciousness, between mind and brain, thus unifying the perspective on natural sciences and humanities.

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