Assessment of Water Shortage In Urban Areas

2007 ◽  
pp. 375-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bragalli ◽  
G. Freni ◽  
G. La Loggia
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Shortage

Wastewater Reclamation and Water Resources Management

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedaliah Shelef
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Complex Scheme ◽  
The Cost

Wastewater reclamation and reuse are becoming important components of the management of urban, regional and national water resources. Recently, not only countries with chronic water shortage, but also urban areas in temperate climates have considered and implemented wastewater reuse schemes expanding the scope of consumptive uses to include toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, using dual distribution systems and even the reuse as potable waters is being considered and evaluated. Israel is an example of intensive reuse in agricultural irrigation and much experience has been gained in treatment, seasonal reservoirs and establishing quality requirements. The economical justification of wastewater reuse schemes should take into account the overall treatment costs, the ‘environmental and health allowances', i.e. the cost of treatment required even when reuse is not practiced, the benefits of water and the savings in conveyance and pumping. The paper also briefly describes the two largest wastewater reclamation projects in Israel, namely: the Kishon Complex Scheme and the Dan Region Scheme, both aimed at unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops.

scholarly journals Urban drought

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 00095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiwiana Szalińska ◽  
Irena Otop ◽  
Tamara Tokarczyk
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Urban Ecosystems ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Water Shortages

Drought is recognized as one of the most complex natural hazards that have a large negative impact on society, economic sectors and the environment. Drought events affect freshwater resources and can become a great threat to urban water supply systems. According to climate change projections with an increase of air temperature and duration of dry periods, cities may experience a serious water shortage in the future that can limit sustainable urban development. Water-related consequences in urban areas can concern various socio-economic sectors as well as urban ecosystems. This paper focuses on drought in urban areas as an event of below-average natural water availability that can result in difficulties in meeting the water needs of socio-economic sectors and ecosystems particularly vulnerable to drought. Drought vulnerable sectors were identified within the local context of the City of Wroclaw area. Long-term analyses of meteorological and hydrological indicators were performed in order to estimate the drought hazard in Wrocław. A combination of water shortage hazard and the vulnerability of water users were the basis to assess local drought risks. Reducing the drought risk requires coherent actions from both city and water managers. The paper presents a set of recommendable measures to avoid potential water shortages and to cope with impacts of drought in the Wroclaw area.

scholarly journals A water balance approach to assess rainwater availability potential in urban areas: the case of Beijing, China

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Liu ◽  
Weiping Chen ◽  
Chi Peng ◽  
Laosheng Wu ◽  
Yuguo Qian
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Mass ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Minute Interval ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
Water Mass Balance ◽  
Beijing China

Rainwater is an underutilized water resource that has become more important in recent years; due to severe water logging and water shortage in cities. The evaluation of rainwater harvesting potential is of fundamental importance in planning rainwater harvesting systems and management policies. In this study, we used minute-interval rainfall data and the water mass balance method coupling urban hydrological processes to assess the annual rainwater availability potential (RAP) of different underlying surfaces in the urban areas of Beijing (inside the 5th Ring Road). The estimated total RAP was 154.49 million m3 in 2013. About 53% of rainwater could be effectively harvested for use, among which the rooftops had the highest harvesting ratio of 70%, and contributed about half of the total RAP. Indirect use of rainwater can be achieved through infiltration facilities, of which concave green land construction and porous brick pavement can increase the amount of rainfall that infiltrates into the soil by 18.89% and 55.69%, respectively. Rainwater harvesting and utilization could serve as a significant water source for the urban areas in Beijing.

scholarly journals Water reuse system in Xi'an Municipality of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Yanzheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Central City ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reuse System

A water reuse system was formulated for the Xi'an International Metropolitan Urban Planning Project, with the aim of mitigating water stress in the central city of Xi'an, China in 2020. The main reuse purposes of the reclaimed water were agriculture, industry, municipal, ecological, and indoor uses. A wastewater reuse potential capacity of 427.2 × 106 m3/yr was deduced by analyzing the water demand for the different reuse purposes. This reuse capacity makes significant contribution to increasing the total urban water supply capacity and mitigating the water shortage problems imposed by the process of urbanization. A supply scheme for the reclaimed water was configured, which comprised the reclaimed water sources, water supply service areas, and the main reuse purposes. As a result, a wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-centered reclaimed water supply system was formed, and the main reuse purposes of the 15 WWTPs and their service districts were defined. Through an economic analysis, the feasibility and benefits of the water reuse system were ascertained. Overall, this study provided the theoretical basis and implementation strategies for a system configuration of water reuse in Xi'an City and also contributed to solving the water-deficiency problems associated with the rapidly developing urban areas in China.

scholarly journals Civil Society and Residents’ Coping Strategies with Water Shortages and Household Food Insecurity in Gweru, Zimbabwe

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winmore Kusena ◽  
Heinz Beckedahl ◽  
Sumaiya Desai
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Community Gardens ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Household Food Insecurity ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Household Food

<p>Domestic water shortages are distressing many urban areas in developing countries and require well planned and sustainable coping strategies in order to bequeath citizens decent lives. The objectives of this paper were to identify water related civil society groups present in Gweru; reveal devised coping strategies to combat water shortages and household food insecurity; and challenges faced by civil society and residents in obtaining sustainable coping strategies. A survey was conducted through interviews, questionnaires and observations as data collection instruments. The findings show that residents relied on borehole drilled in their respective areas by the municipality, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and through individual initiatives. Although public boreholes were available, they were found at an average of only two in a given residential area, regardless of its population. Residents also collected water in containers during late hours of the night or early hours of the day. Gweru residents in addition devised strategies to cope with household food insecurity caused by water shortages and high monthly water bills. Combined with the aforementioned water shortage coping strategies, the stratagem by residents included coming up with payment plans, denying city personnel access into their premises for water disconnection; and self-reconnection in the event of disconnection. Community gardens initiated by Non-Governmental Organisations and food imports from neighbouring countries were some of the adaptive mechanisms dealing with household food insecurity. However, despite resolute efforts by civil society and residents to muddle through water supply and food security challenges, the city needs financial aid to enhance service provision that does not solely relying on residents. Financial injection and investment in sustainable alternative water sources for the city’s multiple uses will go a long way in solving the water shortages and food insecurity without further exposing citizens.  </p>

scholarly journals Effects of Urban Development Patterns on Municipal Water Shortage

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadi Heidari ◽  
Mazdak Arabi ◽  
Travis Warziniack ◽  
Sybil Sharvelle
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
High Density ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Development Patterns ◽  
Municipal Water

While urban areas are being threatened by water shortage due to climate change and rapid population growth, effects of urban development patterns on future municipal water shortage are rarely investigated. We address this aspect of urbanization by assessing the impacts of sprawl vs. high-density patterns on future changes in the sub-annual water shortage intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationships. The City of Fort Collins, Colorado, water supply system is chosen as a representative region that is rapidly developing over the last decades. The future water supply is estimated using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) driven with a hot-dry climate model from the statistically downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, phase 5 (CMIP5) projections. Future water demand is projected using the Integrated Urban Water Model (IUWM) under both sprawl and high-density development patterns. The demonstration study reveals that urban areas under the sprawl development pattern are likely to experience water shortage events with higher intensity, duration, and frequency compared to the high-density pattern. Characterizing impacts of urban development patterns on future water shortage conditions is required for sustainable water management and smart urban growth and can help urban planners and water managers to develop an adaptive path to meet future water demand and decrease the vulnerability of municipal water supply systems to shortage.

scholarly journals Root Anatomy and Growth of Capsicum frutescens L. on Verticulture with Different Watering Supply

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fitria Rahayu Ratmadanti ◽  
M.M. Maryani
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Land Productivity ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Length Width

The rapid increase in human population reduces land productivity in urban areas. Verticulture is a way of planting in a vertical arrangement, such as for Capsicum frutescens L. This study aimed to examine the root anatomy and growth responses of C. frutescens L. Fourteen days old seedlings were grown in polybags on the ground and into vertical pots made of paralon pipe. Watering was given for every day, once in 3 days, and once in 6 days were apllied for 35 days, at elevation of 0 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm and 75 cm. The lower watering supply decreased the root diameter due to the thinner of cortical, xylem and stele tissues. Decreased  in plant height, leaf number, length-width of leaves, and fresh and dry weight of root-shoots were also observed in low watering plants, but there were increases in roots length and leaves chlorophyll content. The xylem was less developed in plants at higher position compared to the lower positon and this was more detected in plants with less watering. Decreasing plant growth occurs in conditions of water shortage and the higher plant layout on paralon, while root vascullar tissue was less developed in less watering and higher position plants.  Keywords: anatomy, biomass, roots, verticulture, watering

scholarly journals Reuse water and urban horticulture: alliance towards more sustainable cities

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas R Bizari ◽  
Jean C Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Recycled Water ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Reuse Water ◽  
Productive Process ◽  
Urban Horticulture

ABSTRACT The need to rethink current models of using water resources in the various sectors of human activity is escalating, as thousands of people in different regions of the world are suffering from clean water shortage for their basic daily needs. In this context, the use of recycled water from treated domestic sewage in agricultural activities is gaining ground. Reuse water can combine environmental protection and high agricultural productivity, especially for simultaneously carrying plant nutrients and minimizing demands for catching "noble" fresh water from streams and water sources for irrigation, currently the highest water consuming activity. The increasing urbanization contributes to generate, but also to foster the treatment and use of wastewater, since urban areas are, at one time, chief water consumers and chief sewage producers. Although there are cultural and sanitary impediments for using recycled water on large scale and the knowledge about possible existing treatments is still limited, a safe alternative to integrate the reuse water into the productive process is its use in irrigation projects involving non edible species. Among these, plants used in floriculture and landscaping can be great allies for the development of wastewater-based urban and peri-urban horticulture, encouraging local development, creating jobs and aiding to environmental protection. We critically discuss these possibilities in this article.

scholarly journals Gender and Asset Dimensions of Seasonal Water Insecurity in Urban Philippines

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Reyes Mason
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Urban Neighborhoods ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Water Insecurity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gendered Roles ◽  
Social Capitals ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract Seasonal water insecurity is a social and climate-related problem of growing concern in many urban areas. From 2000 to 2050, the global urban population affected by seasonal water shortage is projected to increase from 312 million to 1.3 billion. This increase is due to a combination of drivers, including population growth, urbanization, and climate change. To advance understanding of the social dimensions of this problem, this study uses qualitative methods—archival research, informal interviews (N = 7), and in-depth interviews (N = 15)—to explore how gender and assets relate to water insecurity in the rainy and dry seasons in three urban neighborhoods in Baguio City, the Philippines. Analytic methods include memo production and qualitative text analysis. Key findings are that households manage complex water portfolios that change seasonally or more frequently; women and men have gendered roles in managing water portfolios, providing versus managing income for water purchases, and physically carrying water; and particular assets (specific physical, financial, and social capitals) seem to matter for reducing seasonal water insecurity, in ways that may be gendered as well. Implications for more gender-sensitive and asset-focused research and policy are discussed.

On site experiments of the slanted soil treatment systems for domestic gray water

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 193-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Itayama ◽  
Masato Kiji ◽  
Aya Suetsugu ◽  
Nobuyuki Tanaka ◽  
Takeshi Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Plug Flow ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Soil Treatment ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
New Treatments

In order to make a breakthrough for the acute problem of water shortage in the world, the key words “decentralization and re-use” are very important for new sustainable sanitation systems that will be developed. Therefore, we focused on a new treatments system called “a slanted soil treatment system” which combines a biotoilet system with a domestic grey water treatment system. Because this system is a low cost and compact system, the system can be easily introduced to homes in urban areas or in the suburbs of cities in many developing countries. In this study, we performed on site experiments carried out on Shikoku Island, Japan, for several years. We obtained the following results. The slanted soil treatment system could remove organic pollutants and total nitrogen and total phosphorus in grey water effectively. Furthermore, the system performance became high in the case of the high concentration of the influent water. The nitrification reaction and denitrification reaction were speculated to exist due to aerobic zones and anaerobic zones present in the slanted soil treatment system. The slanted soil treatment system could perform for approximately 3 years with zero maintenance. The plug flow model of 1st order reaction kinetics could describe the reaction in the slanted soil treatment system. However, it is necessary to improve the system to maintain the performance in all seasons.

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