The High Solubility of Water in Liquid Nitrogen and Other Cryogenic Liquids

1984 ◽  
pp. 1005-1012 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rebiai ◽  
R. G. Scurlock ◽  
A. J. Rest
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids

Numerical analysis of factors influencing thermal effects generated by cavitation flow of cryogenic fluids

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (17) ◽  
pp. 2050184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suguo Shi ◽  
Guoyu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effect ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Dynamic Pressure ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Cavitation Flow ◽  
Cryogenic Fluids ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids

Thermal effects dramatically impact on the cavitation dynamics of cryogenic fluids. Thus, to study the thermal effect factors influencing cryogenic cavitation, numerical simulations were conducted considering an axisymmetric ogive and a 2D quarter caliber hydrofoil in liquid nitrogen and hydrogen, respectively. The modified Merkle cavitation model and filter-based turbulence model were applied to account for the thermodynamic properties of the fluid. The energy equation was modified considering the cavitation phase change effects. Compared to the experimental data, the numerical method satisfactorily predicts the cryogenic cavitation flows. Based on the numerical results, the thermal effect characteristics in the cavitation flow of cryogenic fluids were investigated. The thermal effects in cryogenic cavitation is obvious when vapor content in constant location is considerably low, where the cavity becomes more porous and the interface becomes less distinct. The factors influencing the thermal effects in cavitation such as the temperature, fluid type and velocity were analyzed. Findings showed that thermal effects of cavitation were prominent around the critical temperature of cryogenic liquids. Compared to the thermal effects in liquid nitrogen, those in liquid hydrogen were more distinct because of the changes in the density ratio, vapor pressure and other fluid properties. When the flow velocity is higher, the thermal effects of cavitation are suppressed as the pressure depression caused by evaporation is much smaller than the dynamic pressure.

Development of an Electrohydrodynamic Injection Micropump for Cryogenic Cooling

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Darabi ◽  
H. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Cryogenic Cooling ◽  
Maximum Pressure ◽  
Base Length ◽  
Inhomogeneous Electric Field ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids

Cryogenic cooling has become a widely adopted technique to improve the performance of electronics and sensors. A potential application of an electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pumping system is its use in pumping fluids in cryogenic cooling systems. In this paper we present the results of a theoretical/experimental investigation to study the feasibility of using an EHD injection micropump for pumping liquid nitrogen. First, the mechanisms of charge transport and ionization phenomenon in cryogenic liquids are discussed. Next, the design and fabrication of an EHD injection micropump that employs an array of interdigitated saw-tooth/plane electrodes are described. Finally, experimental results and observations are presented. An asymmetric saw-tooth/plane geometry was designed to achieve strong inhomogeneous electric field. Each saw-tooth had a base length of 10 μm with a tip angle of 60°. The gap between emitter and collector electrodes was 20 μm and the distance between each stage (a pair of emitter and collector electrodes) from neighboring stage was 40 μm. The dimensions of the patterned area were 10 mm by 20 mm allowing approximately 300 stages to be fabricated along the length of the micropump. The maximum pressure head achieved by this micropump was 550 Pa and 205 Pa for HFE-7100 and liquid nitrogen, respectively.

scholarly journals Spatial and spectral features of the luminescence of liquid nitrogen stimulated by infrared lasers

2021 ◽  
Vol 2056 (1) ◽  
pp. 012038
Author(s):  
N V Klassen ◽  
P V Provotorov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Femtosecond Lasers ◽  
Spectral Characteristics ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Spectral Features ◽  
Nanosecond Lasers ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids

Abstract Spectral features of cryogenic liquids, especially nitrogen, seem to be clearly investigated due to the wide application in science. On the other hand, material properties can really be different under intensive laser irradiation. During irradiation of liquid nitrogen with pulsed (pulse duration 20 ns) YaG: Nd 1064 nm laser with average power of 0.3 W we have found bright luminescence in the visible region with five narrow spectral lines. This phenomenon can be explained by the multiphoton excitation of nitrogen molecules and ions with infrared photons. Its spatial and spectral characteristics are attributed to Amplified Spontaneous Emission. The main features include super-linear dependence of the emission intensity on the intensity of the excitation radiation, limited amount of narrow spectral bands and conical geometry of the emission with the clear separation of the cones in correspondence with the spectral lines of the emission. This phenomenon manifests liquid nitrogen as the convenient substance of Kerr type for studies of various non-linear optical processes by means of nanosecond lasers instead of femtosecond lasers applied usually for these purposes.

Thermodynamic Parameter on Cavitation in Space Inducer

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Yoshida ◽  
Kengo Kikuta ◽  
Kazuki Niiyama ◽  
Satoshi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Effect ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Thermodynamic Parameter ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Thermal Time ◽  
Optical Visualization ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids

Cavitation is physically “a vaporization of liquid” which needs latent heat for phase change. A cavity grows in the liquid, so the latent heat of vaporization can only be supplied by the liquid surrounding the cavity. Thus, the liquid close to the interface region of the cavity is cooled down. In general, cryogenic liquids are very thermosensitive. For liquid hydrogen and oxygen used in rocket propulsion, the temperature in the cavity, i.e., the vapor pressure in the cavity, is lower than those of the liquid bulk. Thanks to this thermal effect, cavitation in cryogenic liquids is less developed than that in water at room temperature. This thermal effect on cavitation is beneficial in that it improves cavitation performance and alleviates cavitation instability in space inducers. In previous works, we investigated the relationship between the thermodynamic effect and the cavitation instabilities, e.g., rotating cavitation and cavitation surge, with a focus on the cavity length as an indication of cavitation. In the present work, first, aspects of cavitation in the inducer were observed by direct optical visualization in liquid nitrogen. Second, joint experiments in liquid nitrogen and cold water were conducted on a cavitaing inducer. In nitrogen experiments, operating conditions, i.e., rotational speed and liquid temperature, were varied to determine the cavitation scaling law. Through these experimental results, characteristic times, namely, the transit time for bubble growth and the characteristic thermal time introduced from the thermal property, were investigated as a cavitation thermodynamic parameter. It was found out that the adjustment of cavitation number has a good correlation with the ratio of the transit time and the characteristic thermal time.

Photoelectric determination of V0 values and electron ranges in some cryogenic liquids

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1860-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Tauchert ◽  
Helmut Jungblut ◽  
Werner F. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Field Strength ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Metal Electrode ◽  
Photo Effect ◽  
Conduction State ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids ◽  
Liquid Methane

Conduction state energies V0 were measured for liquid neon, argon, krypton, xenon, liquid nitrogen, liquid methane and ethane, and mixtures of methane and ethane by means of photo-effect on a metal electrode. A lower limit of V0 for liquid hydrogen was estimated. From the dependence of the photocurrent on the electric field strength electron penetration ranges could be deduced.

The unexpectedly high solubility of water in cryogenic liquids

Nature ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 305 (5933) ◽  
pp. 412-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Rebiai ◽  
A. J. Rest ◽  
R. G. Scurlock
Keyword(s):  
High Solubility ◽  
Cryogenic Liquids

Electron Probe Microanalysis of Frozen Hydrated Kidneys, Isolated Cells, and Cultured Cells

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 402-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Lechene
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Electron Probe Microanalysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Renal Tubular Cells ◽  
Diamond Saw ◽  
Saw Blade

Electron probe microanalysis of frozen hydrated kidneysThe goal of the method is to measure on the same preparation the chemical elemental content of the renal luminal tubular fluid and of the surrounding renal tubular cells. The following method has been developed. Rat kidneys are quenched in solid nitrogen. They are trimmed under liquid nitrogen and mounted in a copper holder using a conductive medium. Under liquid nitrogen, a flat surface is exposed by sawing with a diamond saw blade at constant speed and constant pressure using a custom-built cryosaw. Transfer into the electron probe column (Cameca, MBX) is made using a simple transfer device maintaining the sample under liquid nitrogen in an interlock chamber mounted on the electron probe column. After the liquid nitrogen is evaporated by creating a vacuum, the sample is pushed into the special stage of the instrument. The sample is maintained at close to liquid nitrogen temperature by circulation of liquid nitrogen in the special stage.

A Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Stage for STEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 444-445
Author(s):  
Louis T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Thermal Drift ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Resolution Capability ◽  
Focal Position

A liquid nitrogen stage has been developed for the JEOL JEM-100B electron microscope equipped with a scanning attachment. The design is a modification of the standard JEM-100B SEM specimen holder with specimen cooling to any temperatures In the range ~ 55°K to room temperature. Since the specimen plane is maintained at the ‘high resolution’ focal position of the objective lens and ‘bumping’ and thermal drift la minimized by supercooling the liquid nitrogen, the high resolution capability of the microscope is maintained (Fig.4).

Field-Ion Microscopy of BCC Metals: A Study of Image Differences and Topographical Variations

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 114-115
Author(s):  
O. T. Inal ◽  
L. E. Murr
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Surface Atom ◽  
Image Brightness ◽  
Field Ion Microscopy ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Bcc Metals ◽  
Electron Orbital ◽  
Ion Microscopy ◽  
Field Ion Microscope

When sharp metal filaments of W, Fe, Nb or Ta are observed in the field-ion microscope (FIM), their appearance is differentiated primarily by variations in regional brightness. This regional brightness, particularly prominent at liquid nitrogen temperature has been attributed in the main to chemical specificity which manifests itself in a paricular array of surface-atom electron-orbital configurations.Recently, anomalous image brightness and streaks in both fcc and bee materials observed in the FIM have been shown to be the result of surface asperities and related topographic features which arise by the unsystematic etching of the emission-tip end forms.

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