A Non-Technical History of the Generalized Theory of Gravitation Dedicated to the Albert Einstein Centennial

1979 ◽  
pp. 15-37
Author(s):  
Behram Kursunoglu
Keyword(s):  
Albert Einstein ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation

Aneurysms in the history of medicine

VASA ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bollinger ◽  
Rüttimann
Keyword(s):  
History Of Medicine ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Thomas Mann ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
John Hunter ◽  
History Of

Die Geschichte des sackförmigen oder fusiformen Aneurysmas reicht in die Zeit der alten Ägypter, Byzantiner und Griechen zurück. Vesal 1557 und Harvey 1628 führten den Begriff in die moderne Medizin ein, indem sie bei je einem Patienten einen pulsierenden Tumor intra vitam feststellten und post mortem verifizierten. Weitere Eckpfeiler bildeten die Monographien von Lancisi und Scarpa im 18. bzw. beginnenden 19. Jahrhundert. Die erste wirksame Therapie bestand in der Kompression des Aneurysmasacks von außen, die zweite in der Arterienligatur, der John Hunter 1785 zum Durchbruch verhalf. Endoaneurysmoraphie (Matas) und Umhüllung mit Folien wurden breit angewendet, bevor Ultraschalldiagnostik und Bypass-Chirurgie Routineverfahren wurden und die Prognose dramatisch verbesserten. Die diagnostischen und therapeutischen Probleme in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts werden anhand von zwei prominenten Patienten dargestellt, Albert Einstein und Thomas Mann, die beide im Jahr 1955 an einer Aneurysmaruptur verstarben.

scholarly journals On the invisibility and impact of Robert Hooke’s theory of gravitation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-282
Author(s):  
Niccolò Guicciardini
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Interplanetary Space ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Void Space ◽  
Trading Zone ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Scientific Framework

AbstractRobert Hooke’s theory of gravitation is a promising case study for probing the fruitfulness of Menachem Fisch’s insistence on the centrality of trading zone mediators for rational change in the history of science and mathematics. In 1679, Hooke proposed an innovative explanation of planetary motions to Newton’s attention. Until the correspondence with Hooke, Newton had embraced planetary models, whereby planets move around the Sun because of the action of an ether filling the interplanetary space. Hooke’s model, instead, consisted in the idea that planets move in the void space under the influence of a gravitational attraction directed toward the sun. There is no doubt that the correspondence with Hooke allowed Newton to conceive a new explanation for planetary motions. This explanation was proposed by Hooke as a hypothesis that needed mathematical development and experimental confirmation. Hooke formulated his new model in a mathematical language which overlapped but not coincided with Newton’s who developed Hooke’s hypothetical model into the theory of universal gravitation as published in the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687). The nature of Hooke’s contributions to mathematized natural philosophy, however, was contested during his own lifetime and gave rise to negative evaluations until the last century. Hooke has been often contrasted to Newton as a practitioner rather than as a “scientist” and unfavorably compared to the eminent Lucasian Professor. Hooke’s correspondence with Newton seems to me an example of the phenomenon, discussed by Fisch in his philosophical works, of the invisibility in official historiography of “trading zone mediators,” namely, of those actors that play a role, crucial but not easily recognized, in promoting rational scientific framework change.

scholarly journals OBITUARY

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 589-595
Author(s):  
Ian Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
History Of Mathematics ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University ◽  
Mathematics Department

Daniel Martin B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S.E. was born in Carluke on 16 April 1915, the only child of William and Rose Martin (née Macpherson). The family home in which he was born, Cygnetbank in Clyde Street, had been remodelled and extended by his father, and it was to be Dan's home all his life. His father, who was a carpenter and joiner, had a business based in School Lane, but died as a result of a tragic accident when Dan was only six. Thereafter Dan was brought up single handedly by his mother.After attending primary school in Carluke from 1920 to 1927, Dan entered the High School of Glasgow. It was during his third year there that he started studying calculus on his own. He became so enthused by the subject that he set his sights on a career teaching mathematics, at university if at all possible. On leaving school in 1932, he embarked on the M.A. honours course in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at the University of Glasgow. At that time the Mathematics Department was under the leadership of Professor Thomas MacRobert; the honours course in Mathematics consisted mainly of geometry, calculus and analysis, and the combined honours M.A. with Natural Philosophy was the standard course for mathematicians. A highlight of his first session at university was attending a lecture on the origins of the general theory of relativity, given on 20th June 1933 by Albert Einstein. This was the first of a series of occasional lectures on the history of mathematics funded by the George A. Gibson Foundation which had been set up inmemory of the previous head of the Mathematics Department. From then on, relativity was to be one of Dan's great interests, lasting a lifetime; indeed, on holiday in Iona the year before he died, Dan's choice of holiday reading included three of Einstein's papers.

scholarly journals Towards an Apology For Cultural Relativity in Anthropology

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-65
Author(s):  
Marshall Tannahill
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Moral Relativism ◽  
Cultural Relativism ◽  
World Views ◽  
Franz Boas ◽  
Cultural Relativity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Professional Dominance ◽  
Vantage Points

The history of the concept of the relativity of cultures is briefly surveyed. Cultural relativity is distinguished from cultural relativism as well as from moral relativism. Franz Boas, through having done much which eventually transformed the spirit, role, technique, and aims of anthropology, is identified as having heralded the genesis of 20th century concepts of the relativity of cultures. His background is compared with that of Albert Einstein whose phenomenal popularity included renown for his brainchild relativity theories. Boas' professional dominance, the incidental impetus of a publicly popular romanticised notion of 'relativity' and the eagerness of some anthropologists to 'decenter' their epistemic vantage points and professional world views prepared the way for the eventual formulation of a radical cultural relativism. In conclusion, the modern re-emergence of the belief in the relativity of cultures is assessed as having been a cause for the generation of at least as much light and enlightenment as finger-burning fire within our efforts to properly study humankind.

scholarly journals 100 Years Molecular Beam Method Reproduction of Otto Stern’s Atomic Beam Velocity Measurement

2021 ◽  
pp. 163-186
Author(s):  
Axel Gruppe ◽  
Simon Cerny ◽  
Kurt Ernst Stiebing ◽  
Cedric George ◽  
Jakob Hoffmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Velocity Distribution ◽  
Experimental Verification ◽  
Atomic Beam ◽  
Velocity Measurement ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
School Students ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe history of Otto Stern’s pioneering measurement of the Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution of a Silver atomic beam performed 1919 in Frankfurt is described. It is shown how Albert Einstein influenced Stern in his research. This experimental apparatus is not any more existing; therefore it was reconstructed in the workshops of the Physics faculty of the Goethe University in Frankfurt. The experimental verification of Stern’s results was finally achieved by a team of Frankfurt high school students (Gymnasium Riedberg) under the supervision of their teachers Axel Gruppe and Simon Cerny. By fighting against a number of difficulties, they succeeded to get the reconstructed apparatus started and were able to reproduce the results from the early experiments of Stern.

Covered with Deep Mist

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Rickles
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Quantum Gravity ◽  
Unresolved Problem ◽  
The Core ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Technical Examination ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of Gravitation ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

The problem of quantum gravity is often viewed as the most pressing unresolved problem of modern physics, the ‘holy grail’: our theories of spacetime and matter, described respectively by general relativity (Einstein’s theory of gravitation and spacetime) and quantum mechanics (our best theory of matter and the other forces of nature) resist unification. Covered in Deep Mist provides the first book-length treatment of the history of quantum gravity, focusing on its origins and earliest stages of development until the mid-1950s. Readers will be guided through the impacts on the problem of quantum gravity resulting from changes in the two ingredient theories, quantum theory and general relativity, which were themselves still under construction in the years studied. We examine how several of the core approaches of today were formed in an era when the field was highly unfashionable. The book aims to be accessible to a broad range of readers and goes beyond a merely technical examination to include social and cultural factors involved in the changing fortunes of the field. Suitable for both newcomers and seasoned quantum gravity professionals, the book will shine new light on this century old, unresolved problem.

scholarly journals Theory of General Relativity: Historical Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Ranjit Prasad Yadav
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Big Bang Model ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
Theories Of Gravitation

General relativity was developed by Albert Einstein near about 100 Years ago. This article attempt to give an outline about the brief history of general theory of relativity and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed. Before the advent of GR, Newton's law of gravitation had been accepted for more than two hundred years as a valid description of the gravitational force between masses i.e. gravity was the result of an attractive force between massive objects. General relativity has developed in to an essential tool in modern astrophysics. It provides the foundation for the understanding of black holes, regions of space where gravitational attraction is strong that not even light can escape and also a part of the big bang model of cosmology.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/av.v4i0.12358Academic Voices Vol.4 2014: 49-52

5. Cosmology

2017 ◽  
pp. 58-82
Author(s):  
Timothy Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gravitational Interaction ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Normal Matter ◽  
History Of Cosmology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Edwin Hubble ◽  
The Universe

Cosmology began as a scientific discipline at the beginning of the 20th century, with the work of Albert Einstein and Edwin Hubble. Gravitational interaction is fundamental to cosmology, as gravity dominates over all other forces on large-scale distances. ‘Cosmology’ outlines the modern history of cosmology, discussing how studies have provided knowledge on the early Universe and its expansion. The Concordance Model proposes that only c.5 per cent of the energy in the Universe is in the form of normal matter; c.25 per cent is in the form of the gravitationally attractive dark matter; and the remaining c.70 per cent is in the form of the gravitationally repulsive dark energy. But there is still much to learn.

1. From Newton to Einstein

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Timothy Clifton
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Einstein Gravity ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
History Of ◽  
Theory Of Gravity ◽  
Fundamental Forces

Gravity is the weakest of nature’s four fundamental forces, yet over large distances it dominates. This is because gravity, unlike the other forces in nature, is only ever attractive. The gravitational force between objects always increases as they become larger and have more mass. Despite the efforts of Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, gravity remains an enigmatic puzzle. ‘From Newton to Einstein’ considers the pre-history of gravity including the ideas of Aristotle and Galileo. It describes Newton’s theory of gravity, first published in 1687. It finally explains Einstein’s theory of gravity, which supplanted Newton’s theory, and explains that is the curvature of space-time that is responsible for it all.

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