The Current Theory of Strong Interactions and the Problem of Quark Confinement

1983 ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Mandelstam
Keyword(s):  
Current Theory ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Quark Confinement

scholarly journals QCD beyond diagrams

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (21) ◽  
pp. 2130012
Author(s):  
Michael Creutz
Keyword(s):  
Perturbation Theory ◽  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Chiral Symmetry ◽  
Chiral Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Mass Generation ◽  
Diagrammatic Perturbation Theory

Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of the strong interactions, involves quarks interacting with non-Abelian gluon fields. This theory has many features that are difficult to impossible to see in conventional diagrammatic perturbation theory. This includes quark confinement, mass generation and chiral symmetry breaking. This paper is a colloquium level overview of the framework for understanding how these effects come about.

On the Derivation of Strong and Electro-weak Interactions in Functional Quantum Theory of the Nonlinear Spinor Field as a Lepton-hadron Model with Quark-confinement

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Stumpf
Keyword(s):  
Spinor Field ◽  
Bound States ◽  
Gauge Theories ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Relativistic Quantum ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Nonlinear Spinor ◽  
Calculation Technique ◽  
Non Local

In preceding papers the nonlinear spinor field with Heisenberg's dipole regularization was interpreted as a lepton-quark system. In this paper it is demonstrated that this model is able to produce electro-weak as well as strong interactions. For the analytical derivation of these interactions, in Section 1 an improved calculation technique for scattering functionals is developed which corresponds to an interaction representation of relativistic quantum fields with inclusion of bound states, and which is suited for a comparison of its results with conventional field theories, in particular gauge theories. In Section 2 the projection technique from the spinor field into the lepton-quark representation is discussed in detail. The principle which allows the derivation of the various interactions consists in the calculation and incorporation of universal (local) bosons and non-universal (non-local) bosons occuring as bound states of the spinor field, resp., leptonquark fields, into the scattering functional equation. This is performed for local bosons in Section 1 and for non-local bosons in Section 3. In Section 4 it is shown that a subsequent unitarization which corresponds to quark confinement leads to selection rules for lepton-baryon processes which qualitatively correspond to those of grand unification gauge theories. Numerical calculations will be given in subsequent papers

scholarly journals The lattice and quantized Yang–Mills theory

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (36) ◽  
pp. 1530027
Author(s):  
Michael Creutz
Keyword(s):  
Strong Coupling ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Nuclear Force ◽  
Perturbative Expansion ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Strong Coupling Regime ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Low Energies

Quantized Yang–Mills fields lie at the heart of our understanding of the strong nuclear force. To understand the theory at low energies, we must work in the strong coupling regime. The primary technique for this is the lattice. While basically an ultraviolet regulator, the lattice avoids the use of a perturbative expansion. I discuss the historical circumstances that drove us to this approach, which has had immense success, convincingly demonstrating quark confinement and obtaining crucial properties of the strong interactions from first principles.

scholarly journals Soliton Matter

1991 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
LR Dodd
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Nuclear Matter ◽  
Nuclear Physics ◽  
Soliton Solutions ◽  
Hadronic Matter ◽  
Linear Sigma Model ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Quark Confinement ◽  
Topological Soliton

Although quantum chromodynamics is generally accepted as the fundamental theory of the strong interactions, there exist no solutions to the theory which describe the binding of quarks to form the observed particles of nuclear physics. Soliton bag models of hadronic matter attempt to capture the main features of quark confinement, while remaining amenable to calculation. In the context of the non-topological soliton model, nuclear matter is regarded as a collection of quark clusters arranged on a regular lattice in bag-like soliton structures. The conjectured phase transition of nuclear matter to quark plasma at high densities is then modelled as the melting of the soliton crystal under compression. This paper reviews some recent results on multi-soliton solutions of the linear sigma model in one space and one time dimension. Remarkably, exact periodic soliton solutions can be derived in terms of complete Jacobi elliptic integrals for arbitrarily large lattices. The conditions for a phase transition in the model, and implications for more realistic calculations are discussed.

200kv superconducting cryo electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Long Time

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.

New form of Transmission Cross Coefficient for High-Resolution Imaging

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-61
Author(s):  
Kazuo Ishizuka
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Transmission Function ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Diffracted Waves

It is well known that taking into account spacial and temporal coherency of illumination as well as the wave aberration is important to interpret an image of a high-resolution electron microscope (HREM). This occues, because coherency of incident electrons restricts transmission of image information. Due to its large spherical and chromatic aberrations, the electron microscope requires higher coherency than the optical microscope. On an application of HREM for a strong scattering object, we have to estimate the contribution of the interference between the diffracted waves on an image formation. The contribution of each pair of diffracted waves may be properly represented by the transmission cross coefficients (TCC) between these waves. In this report, we will show an improved form of the TCC including second order derivatives, and compare it with the first order TCC.In the electron microscope the specimen is illuminated by quasi monochromatic electrons having a small range of illumination directions. Thus, the image intensity for each energy and each incident direction should be summed to give an intensity to be observed. However, this is a time consuming process, if the ranges of incident energy and/or illumination direction are large. To avoid this difficulty, we can use the TCC by assuming that a transmission function of the specimen does not depend on the incident beam direction. This is not always true, because dynamical scattering is important owing to strong interactions of electrons with the specimen. However, in the case of HREM, both the specimen thickness and the illumination angle should be small. Therefore we may neglect the dependency of the transmission function on the incident beam direction.

I/O Psychology: A Volume on Current Theory and Method

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (12) ◽  
pp. 1142-1145
Author(s):  
Mary Roznowski
Keyword(s):  
Current Theory

Depletion of coating color components in the blade coating process circulation

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNE RUTANEN ◽  
MARTTI TOIVAKKA
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Stable Process ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Coating Process ◽  
Size Segregation ◽  
Coating Color ◽  
Average Size

Coating color stability, as defined by changes in its solid particle fraction, is important for runnability, quality, and costs of a paper coating operation. This study sought to determine whether the size or density of particles is important in size segregation in a pigment coating process. We used a laboratory coater to study changes in coating color composition during coating operations. The results suggest that size segregation occurs for high and low density particles. Regardless of the particle density, the fine particle size fraction (<0.2 μm) was the most prone for depletion, causing an increase in the average size of the particles. Strong interactions between the fine particles and other components also were associated with a low depletion tendency of fine particles. A stable process and improved efficiency of fine particles and binders can be achieved by controlling the depletion of fine particles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document