Models for Combined Action of Alcohol and Tobacco on Risk of Cancer: What Do We Really Know from Epidemiological Studies?

1988 ◽  
pp. 649-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Estève ◽  
Albert J. Tuyns
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

TGFBR1 Polymorphism and Risk of Breast Cancer in Iranian Women

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elahe Kamali ◽  
Simin Hemmati ◽  
Forouzan Safari ◽  
Manoochehr Tavassoli
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Iranian Women ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between transforming growth factor beta receptor type 1 ( TGFBR1) polymorphisms and the risk of cancer; however, the results remain inconclusive and controversial. To determine the association between breast cancer risk and the *6A polymorphism of the TGFBR1 gene, a case-control study of 280 breast cancer patients and 280 controls was performed in Iranian women. Our study demonstrates that women who carry the TGFBR1*6A allele are at lower risk of developing breast cancer. The highest protection against breast cancer was observed in 6A/6A homozygotes (OR = 0.32, p = 0.04). A lower frequency of the TGFBR1*6A allele in breast cancer patients may be an important genetic determinant that contributes to a lower risk of breast cancer in Iranian women. The results also showed that the allelic length of TGFBR1 polymorphisms had no significant association with the age at onset or the grade of disease, nor with the expression of progesterone and estrogen receptors and HER2.

scholarly journals The role of high-protein diets in body weight management and health

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Te Morenga ◽  
J Mann
Keyword(s):  
Weight Maintenance ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Cholesterol Ratio ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
High Protein Diets ◽  
Protein Diets

Studies examining the health benefits of high-protein diets typical of most affluent and many developing countries are not consistent. Prospective epidemiological studies relating dietary protein to clinical and metabolic endpoints suggest increased weight gain and increased risk of diabetes amongst those with a high protein intake and an increased risk of cancer with high intakes of red meat, but lower blood pressure and possibly a reduced risk of heart disease with higher protein intakes. The potential for high-protein diets to confer greater benefit than other diets has been examined using ad libitum and energy restricted diets. Of greatest interest have been the comparisons between high-protein and high-carbohydrate diets. Many trials have reported greater weight loss especially in the context of ad libitum diets over the short-to medium-term, sparing of lean body mass, lowering of triglyceride levels, improved HDL: total cholesterol ratio and improved glycaemic control. Limited data regarding insulin sensitivity are less consistent. A major difficulty in interpreting the results of these studies is that carbohydrate quality has not been taken into account. Furthermore, longer term comparisons of weight reducing diets differing in macronutrient composition have reported similar outcomes, suggesting that compliance is a more important consideration. Nevertheless dietary patterns with high-protein intakes are appropriate for weight reduction and weight maintenance and may be useful for those who have high triglyceride levels and other features of the metabolic syndrome. © 2012 The Authors.

scholarly journals Epidemiological studies of oats consumption and risk of cancer and overall mortality

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (S2) ◽  
pp. S14-S18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Boffetta ◽  
Frank Thies ◽  
Penny Kris-Etherton
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Exposure Misclassification ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Residual Confounding ◽  
Overall Mortality

A review of epidemiological studies on the intake of oats and oat-based products and its effect on the risk of chronic disease and deaths was performed. Seven studies were identified of cancer risk (two each on prostate and colorectal cancer, and one each on pancreatic, breast and endometrial cancer), and one study on overall mortality. With the exception of a case–control study of pancreatic cancer, all studies were of cohort design: five studies were based on a single cohort from Denmark. The results of most cohort studies suggest a weak protective effect of a high intake of oats on cancer risk (relative risks in the order of 0·9). Potential limitations of the studies are dietary exposure misclassification, low statistical power because of limited exposure contrast and residual confounding. Despite the evidence from experimental and mechanistic studies of a protective effect of oats intake on CVD and diabetes, no epidemiological studies have been conducted on these conditions.

scholarly journals A Plausible Biological Mechanism by which Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Increase the Risk of Childhood Leukemia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel López-Lázaro
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Childhood Leukemia ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Extremely Low Frequency ◽  
Dna Alterations ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) are non-ionizing radiations typically emitted by power lines, electrical wiring and electrical appliances. Epidemiological studies have repeatedly shown a positive association between ELF-EMFs and childhood leukemia. Exposures greater than 0.3-0.4 µT increase the risk by approximately 1.5-2 fold, and estimates indicate that up to 2% of childhood leukemia cases in Europe may be attributable to ELF-EMFs. However, it is considered unlikely that ELF-EMFs can cause cancer, because carcinogenesis requires the accumulation of DNA alterations and ELF-EMFs do not have enough energy to damage the DNA. Lack of biological plausibility is a barrier to accept the evidence of carcinogenicity in human studies and to take measures to protect pregnant women and children from ELF-EMFs. Recent evidence indicates that non-mutagenic agents can cause DNA alterations and increase the risk of cancer by promoting the accumulation of cell divisions in stem cells. Cell division generates DNA alterations (e.g., mutations arising during DNA replication), which occur even in the absence of DNA-damaging agents. Importantly, ELF-EMFs can trigger the division of stem cells; this effect is under development in the field of regenerative medicine. A possible mechanism by which ELF-EMFs induce the malignant transformation of hematopoietic stem cells is discussed.

scholarly journals The mechanism of treatment of multiple myeloma with metformin by way of metabolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanyan Song ◽  
Song Chen ◽  
Wei Xiang ◽  
Muran Xiao ◽  
Hui Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
Concentration Test ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

IntroductionMultiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant hematologic tumor. Although many new drugs are currently found to significantly improve the median survival, MM is still not curable due partly to drug resistance recurrence. Epidemiological studies have shown that patients with type 2 diabetes have a high risk of malignancy, and patients’ treatment with metformin could reduce the risk of cancer as well as associated mortality.Material and methodsWe used chemotherapeutics – melphalan combined with metformin or the single drug – to treat RPMI8226 cells and used a series of tests to detect the drug sensitivity, apoptotic rate, DNA damage and the concentration of ATP. SPSS 17.0 was used to analyze the data.ResultsThe inhibitory effect of melphalan on RPMI8226 cells was significantly increased after metformin was added (p < 0.05), and the inhibitory effect was enhanced with the increasing concentration of melphalan. The comet assay showed that metformin increased melphalan-induced DNA damage and increased the apoptotic rate from 12.7 ±2.8% to 18.8 ±1.5% (p < 0.05). In the ATP concentration test, the concentration of ATP in the tumor cells was significantly decreased from 0.42 ±0.01 µmol/l to 0.08 ±0.02 µmol/l (p < 0.05).ConclusionsMetformin can promote DNA damage induced by melphalan and decrease the concentration of ATP in the process of repairing DNA damage to hinder the anti-apoptotic process of tumor cells, which showed the pesticide effect of the enhanced sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to melphalan.

scholarly journals ID3017 New strategy in development of cancer chemopreventive agent using Malaysia Plant

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (S) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Azman Seeni
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Cancer Cell Line ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cancer Disease ◽  
Prostate Hyperplasia ◽  
Chemopreventive Agent ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
New Strategies

Cancer had become worldwide problem that efforts in prevention and treatment of cancer had rapidly grew in any research institute. Meanwhile, epidemiological studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between consumption of vegetables, fruits and beverages with reduced risk of cancer. It is estimated there are around 8,100 plant species in the Malaysia rain forests, with 10% of them reported to have some medicinal value. However, to date not much investigation has been done on chemopreventive activities on cancer. Therefore, we had studied the chemopreventive activity using various type of local plants such as Christia sp, Nephelium lappaceuem, Cocos nucifera and many more others which we going to present here. But, to combat with this miserable disease, we still need new strategies to overcome the problem and we also utilized the waste product from our tropical fruits and Paddy waste which might have beneficial effect towards cancer chemoprevention activities. We also going to present our strategy in developing mouthwash product to prevent oral cancer using bonsai plant, Streblus asper with demonstrable efficacy against defined molecular target on cancer cell line as well as in animal models. It is clearly shown that S. asper root extracts that have the anti-oxidant characteristic with analgesic properties via Inositol, not only kill oral-microbes but interestingly also inhibit the growth of osteosarcoma cells, tongue carcinoma cells and cervical cancer cells. The inhibition effect was through the induction of apoptosis signaling pathway. This mouthwash product also is non-toxic for the liver, kidney and skin fibroblast cells and no heavy metals were found. Currently, we now focused the use of the same product on cervical cancer and might develop it as a ladies hygiene product which act as chemopreventive agent. Futhermore S.asper also can suppressed the proliferative activity of the epithelium cells in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia animal model. Lets combat the cancer disease using new strategies.

scholarly journals Occupational low-dose irradiation and cancer risk among medical radiation workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 476-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Chartier ◽  
P Fassier ◽  
K Leuraud ◽  
S Jacob ◽  
C Baudin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Quality Of Information ◽  
Strength Of Evidence ◽  
Cancer Occurrence ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Radiation Workers ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
Dosimetry Data

Abstract Background Medical workers are the largest group of workers occupationally exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) worldwide. Aims This review presents all the cohorts of medical workers exposed in the world and summarizes cancer risks associated with radiation exposure in this population. Methods Epidemiological studies on health professionals exposed to IR published from 1975 to 2019 were reviewed. Strength of evidence was assessed according to the modified Royal College of General Practitioners three-star system. Results Among the 16 epidemiological studies focusing on cancers from 11 cohorts among medical staff exposed to radiation, higher risks of cancer were observed for pre-1950 exposure and for medical workers who performed fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures or radionuclides procedures compared to those who did not. However, strength of evidence supporting the associations remains moderate as several methodological limits including the lack of dosimetry data, lifestyle factors and recent updates may obscure the link between medical occupational exposure and cancer occurrence. Conclusions Excess risk of cancer is suspected for high and former exposures. The more highly exposed professions, i.e. interventional physicians and nuclear medicine workers, should be monitored carefully. Collaborative projects aiming to increase the quantity and quality of information of the studied populations would be a key point

scholarly journals Sleep Apnoea Adverse Effects on Cancer: True, False, or Too Many Confounders?

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8779
Author(s):  
David Gozal ◽  
Isaac Almendros ◽  
Amanda I. Phipps ◽  
Francisco Campos-Rodriguez ◽  
Miguel A. Martínez-García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Epidemiological Evidence ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Risk Of Cancer ◽  
The Relationship

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a prevalent disorder associated with increased cardiovascular, metabolic and neurocognitive morbidity. Recently, an increasing number of basic, clinical and epidemiological reports have suggested that OSA may also increase the risk of cancer, and adversely impact cancer progression and outcomes. This hypothesis is convincingly supported by biological evidence linking certain solid tumours and hypoxia, as well as by experimental studies involving cell and animal models testing the effects of intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation that characterize OSA. However, the clinical and epidemiological studies do not conclusively confirm that OSA adversely affects cancer, even if they hold true for specific cancers such as melanoma. It is likely that the inconclusive studies reflect that they were not specifically designed to test the hypothesis or because of the heterogeneity of the relationship of OSA with different cancer types or even sub-types. This review critically focusses on the extant basic, clinical, and epidemiological evidence while formulating proposed directions on how the field may move forward.

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