scholarly journals What Is a Qubit?

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Ciaran Hughes ◽  
Joshua Isaacson ◽  
Anastasia Perry ◽  
Ranbel F. Sun ◽  
Jessica Turner
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Binary Representation ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Classical Computer

AbstractIn classical computers, information is represented as the binary digits 0 or 1. These are called bits. For example, the number 1 in an 8-bit binary representation is written as 00000001. The number 2 is represented as 00000010. We place extra zeros in front to write every number with 8-bits total, which is called one byte. In fact, every classical computer translates these bits into the human readable information on your electronic device. The document you read or video you watch is encoded in the computer binary language in terms of these 1’s and 0’s. Computer hardware understands the 1-bit as an electrical current flowing through a wire (in a transistor) while the 0-bit is the absence of an electrical current in a wire. These electrical signals can be thought of as “on” (the 1-bit) or “off” (the 0-bit). Your computer then decodes the classical 1 or 0 bits into words or videos, etc.

scholarly journals Interface and connection model in the railway traffic control system

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Juliusz Karolak
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
Operating Rules ◽  
Control Circuits

The article presents a model of connection of ETCS application and classical base layer equipment. The model distinguishes three layers: physical, logic and data, which require different modelling techniques and at the same time must be consistent. The model will form the basis for the digital mapping in the Digital Twin of the ETCS application. Layer division is a natural way to represent the structure of a device and its operating rules. It allows a detailed and structured representation of the interfaces of a connection and then an analysis of the connection both with respect to the layer of interest and from the point of view of the interaction between features in the different layers. The S-interface of the LEU encoder of the ETCS is described, taking into account different solutions encountered in practice. The conditions of the connection between the LEU encoder and the environment form a description of one of the two boundaries between the ETCS application, i.e. the implemented ERTMS/ETCS on a specific area of the railway network, and the environment. A general connection model and definitions of a connection and an interface are presented. As an example, the electrical connection with signals transmitted through galvanic connections has been assumed to be typical for LEU encoder and track-side signalling control circuits found in base layer equipment. The physical layer is described in terms of physical parameters and their values. The parameters are divided into electrical (current, voltage and frequency) and mechanical ones (number of leads, conductor thickness, etc.). The values of the electrical parameters are expressed in terms of a uncountable set with defined limits. The logic layer was described in a vector-matrix form. Logic signals are assigned to electrical signals with specific physical parameters. The data layer contains information about the assignment of specific telegrams to specific electrical signals.

Engine Simulator for ECMs Diagnosis

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Navarrete ◽  
J. I. Huertas
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electronic Control ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Physical Integrity ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Control Modules

Currently, the number of companies that provide diagnosis, repair and maintenance services to the electronic control modules — ECMs of the vehicles is very limited. Even though the demand of the service is still unsatisfied, the possibility of expansion of the existing companies is limited by the need of an engine simulator to semi-automate the ECMs diagnosis process. To fulfill this requirement, the present paper describes the design, implementation and testing of an electronic device that simulates the electrical signals generated by the sensors and transducers commonly installed on engines. The device was programmed to simulate different models of commercial engines and to perform automatically the standard procedures followed to identify the most common failures of the ECMs. This device incorporates systems to guarantee the safety of the information gathered during the diagnosis process and the physical integrity of the ECMs being diagnosed.

scholarly journals Intelligent Electronic Device Functionality and Interfacing: An Experimental Examination of Smart Grid

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S11) ◽  
pp. 3922-3926
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Serial Communication ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Voltage Regulators ◽  
Experimental Examination ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Intelligent Electronic Device

the intelligence electronic devices are the devices like voltage regulators, circuit breaker controllers, , protection relays which are based on microprocessor. They have ability to communicate using serial communication with other devices. The research work include study of electrical signals, functionality and application of IED in smart grid.

scholarly journals Quantum-Driven Energy-Efficiency Optimization for Next-Generation Communications Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4090
Author(s):  
Su Fong Chien ◽  
Heng Siong Lim ◽  
Michail Alexandros Kourtis ◽  
Qiang Ni ◽  
Alessio Zappone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Resource Control ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Quantum Neural Network ◽  
Solution Convergence ◽  
Global Optimal ◽  
Classical Computer ◽  
Common Understanding

The advent of deep-learning technology promises major leaps forward in addressing the ever-enduring problems of wireless resource control and optimization, and improving key network performances, such as energy efficiency, spectral efficiency, transmission latency, etc. Therefore, a common understanding for quantum deep-learning algorithms is that they exploit advantages of quantum hardware, enabling massive optimization speed ups, which cannot be achieved by using classical computer hardware. In this respect, this paper investigates the possibility of resolving the energy efficiency problem in wireless communications by developing a quantum neural network (QNN) algorithm of deep-learning that can be tested on a classical computer setting by using any popular numerical simulation tool, such as Python. The computed results show that our QNN algorithm can be indeed trainable and that it can lead to solution convergence during the training phase. We also show that the proposed QNN algorithm exhibits slightly faster convergence speed than its classical ANN counterpart, which was considered in our previous work. Finally, we conclude that our solution can accurately resolve the energy efficiency problem and that it can be extended to optimize other communications problems, such as the global optimal power control problem, with promising trainability and generalization ability.

scholarly journals Digital Art Feature Association Mining Based on the Machine Learning Algorithm

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Zhiying Wu ◽  
Yuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Feature Matching ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Digital Art ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Association Mining ◽  
Binary Representation ◽  
Feature Subset ◽  
Machine Learning Algorithm ◽  
Feature Association

With the development of computer hardware and software, digital art is a new discipline. It uses computers and digital technology as tools to perform artistic expression. It can be expanded to various binary numerical codes with computers as the center and can also be refined to various categories of creation with computers. The research scope is set in the field of digital art, and all kinds of accidental factors of digital art creation based on the machine learning algorithm are mined and analyzed for feature correlation. Based on the hidden association relationship of massive data, the study focuses on the implicit association mining of digital art features of data for the recommendation algorithm. The classification and continuous data feature attributes are introduced and discretized, and the binary representation of data features is extended to ensure the diversity of data feature attributes. In order to mine some correlation features in data, a heuristic feature mining method based on minimum support was studied to discover the frequency of correlation features and construct the optimal feature subset. Based on the frequent items of data features, this study observes the heuristic algorithm of digital art feature association mining based on minimum confidence and carries out feature matching based on digital art feature association mining under different situation modes. The validity of the proposed algorithm is verified by using the experimental data of health and medical situations in the machine learning library.

A Study on the Assembly and Improvement of Electrical Contact between Carbon Nanotube and Microelectrode

2009 ◽  
Vol 60-61 ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Jun Tian ◽  
Yue Chao Wang ◽  
Zai Li Dong
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Electronic Device ◽  
Electrical Contact ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Processing Technique ◽  
Annealing Effect ◽  
Alignment Method ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
First Time

Nowadays research on nano-electronic device based on carbon nanotube (CNT) raises much interest among researchers, but in the fabrication process, crucial problems exist in making and improving the electrical contact between CNT and microelectrode. Here pulse gas alignment method, combined with nanomanipulation technology based on atomic force microscope (AFM) if necessary, is proposed for the first time to assemble and make electrical contact between CNT and microelectrode. After the assembly, a processing technique of applying sweeping voltages is performed for producing electrical current induced local Joule heat, which will decompose and remove the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecules adsorbed on the CNT and at the interface region, or even have some annealing effect, to reduce the contact resistance between CNT and microelectrode and thus to improve the electrical contact. Experiments of assembly and improvement of electrical contact between multi-wall carbon nanotube and microelectrode are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods

scholarly journals Quantum Gates

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Ciaran Hughes ◽  
Joshua Isaacson ◽  
Anastasia Perry ◽  
Ranbel F. Sun ◽  
Jessica Turner
Keyword(s):  
Classical Logic ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Quantum Gates ◽  
Binary Representation ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Computational Operation ◽  
Classical Computer ◽  
Link Information

AbstractAs discussed in Chap. 10.1007/978-3-030-61601-4_2, information in classical computers is represented by bits. However, if the bits did not change, then the computer would remain the same forever and would not be very useful! Therefore, it is necessary to change the values of bits depending on what you want the computer to do. For example, if you want a computer to multiply the number 2 and the number 3 together to produce the number 6, then you need to put each of the numbers 2 and 3 into an 8-bit binary representation, and then have a computational operation to multiply the two 8-bit values together to produce 6. The operation of changing bits in a classical computer is performed by classical logic gates.

Microcontroller-based simulation of a nonlinear resistive-capacitive-inductance shunted Josephson junction model and applications in electromechanical engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnaud Notué Kadjie ◽  
Hyacinthe Tchakounté ◽  
Isaac Kemajou ◽  
Paul Woafo
Keyword(s):  
Josephson Junction ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Bifurcation Diagram ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Chaotic Dynamics ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Electrical Signals ◽  
Voltage Controlled Oscillators ◽  
Shapiro Steps ◽  
Arduino Uno

Abstract The equations, modelling a nonlinear resistive-capacitive-inductance shunted Josephson junction (NRCLJJ) subjected to various signal shapes of the electrical current, are simulated experimentally using the Arduino Uno-type microcontroller that takes benefit of its simplicity, lost cost, high precision, ease of implementation, and stability compared to the voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) circuitry. Real time electrical signals are observed presenting various dynamics. Shapiro steps (SS) from the IV-characteristics are also obtained. These real electrical signals are then used to power an electromechanical pendulum in the second part of this work. Bifurcation diagram shows that the pendulum exhibits periodic and chaotic dynamics.

Electronic Cone Illumination with the Conventional Transmission Electron Microscope

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 72-73
Author(s):  
William Krakow
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Device ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Lissajous Figures ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Imaging Mode ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Transmission Microscope

An electronic device has been constructed which manipulates the primary beam in the conventional transmission microscope to illuminate a specimen under a variety of virtual condenser aperture conditions. The device uses the existing tilt coils of the microscope, and modulates the D.C. signals to both x and y tilt directions simultaneously with various waveforms to produce Lissajous figures in the back-focal plane of the objective lens. Electron diffraction patterns can be recorded which reflect the manner in which the direct beam is tilted during exposure of a micrograph. The device has been utilized mainly for the hollow cone imaging mode where the device provides a microscope transfer function without zeros in all spatial directions and has produced high resolution images which are also free from the effect of chromatic aberration. A standard second condenser aperture is employed and the width of the cone annulus is readily controlled by defocusing the second condenser lens.

Analysis of 3-d molecular distribution with the digital imaging microscope

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 40-41
Author(s):  
W.A. Carrington ◽  
F.S. Fay ◽  
K.E. Fogarty ◽  
L. Lifshitz
Keyword(s):  
Image Restoration ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Fluorescent Dyes ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Computer Hardware ◽  
Computer Algorithms ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Single Living Cells

Advances in digital imaging microscopy and in the synthesis of fluorescent dyes allow the determination of 3D distribution of specific proteins, ions, GNA or DNA in single living cells. Effective use of this technology requires a combination of optical and computer hardware and software for image restoration, feature extraction and computer graphics.The digital imaging microscope consists of a conventional epifluorescence microscope with computer controlled focus, excitation and emission wavelength and duration of excitation. Images are recorded with a cooled (-80°C) CCD. 3D images are obtained as a series of optical sections at .25 - .5 μm intervals.A conventional microscope has substantial blurring along its optical axis. Out of focus contributions to a single optical section cause low contrast and flare; details are poorly resolved along the optical axis. We have developed new computer algorithms for reversing these distortions. These image restoration techniques and scanning confocal microscopes yield significantly better images; the results from the two are comparable.

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