Mountain Habitats Dynamics Under Changing Grazing Management Schemes in Greece

2021 ◽  
pp. 575-591
Author(s):  
Michael Vrahnakis ◽  
Yannis Kazoglou
Keyword(s):  
Grazing Management ◽  
Mountain Habitats ◽  
Management Schemes

scholarly journals 349 The need for forage intake measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 77-78
Author(s):  
Michael Galyean
Keyword(s):  
Feed Intake ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Stocking Rates ◽  
Supplemental Nutrients

Abstract We often tell students of nutrition that “animals require quantities, not percentages, of nutrients.” Nonetheless, diets and supplements are typically formulated on a percent basis, which is convenient and works well if feed intake is known. Grazing ruminants require quantities of nutrients, but unlike their pen-fed counterparts, forage intake is unknown. Estimates of intake are essential to make management decisions relative to the quantity and timing of supplemental nutrients, which are often the largest out-of-pocket cost for ruminant production based on grazed forages. Moreover, sustainable management of grazing lands requires estimates of intake relative to available forage to set appropriate stocking rates and to assess environmental impacts (e.g. greenhouse gases). These management decisions become more critical as the physiological state of grazing animals change over time, resulting in shifts in both feed intake and nutrient requirements that affect the need for supplemental nutrients and can alter grazing management strategies. This dilemma – not knowing feed intake but needing it to make critical management and environmental decisions – necessitates the use of intake estimates as a basis for formulating supplemental nutrition plans and developing grazing management schemes. These estimates range from “thumb rules” for intake at various physiological states to more complex equations based on forage composition (also generally unknown in grazing situations), environmental variables, and various animal factors. The validity of these estimates and equations is often tested against intake values in pen-fed ruminants, as well as estimates derived from indirect methods in grazing animals (e.g. marker-based methods). Developing methods that yield accurate and precise predictions of voluntary intake by grazing ruminants has been a long-standing challenge, but the need for effective methodology and estimates of forage intake remains critical for grazing livestock.

Grazing management and nematode parasite control in cattle in the temperate climatic zone of Australia

1986 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Axelsen ◽  
PJ Waller ◽  
AD Donald ◽  
RJ Dobson ◽  
JB Nadin
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Climatic Zone ◽  
Nematode Parasite ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Total Period ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Better Than

Over 2 years, 1979 and 1981, yearling cattle were grazed from July to December/January on phalaris- or annual ryegrass-based pastures that had been previously grazed by either weaners, cows or cattle drenched every 2 weeks. All yearlings had previously been drenched at weaning in autumn, and from July were either set-stocked, or moved once or twice on to pastures previously grazed by cows. The experiment was conducted at Ginninderra. near Canberra. If a portion of the pasture was saved in winter for grazing in early spring, increased liveweight gains were observed while yearlings grazed the saved area. However, the greater gains during this period were not enough to compensate for previous weight losses or lower gains, so that saving pasture was no better than set-stocking over the total period. In 1979, a year of low rainfall and pasture growth, yearlings drenched 2-weekly gained no more weight than undrenched yearlings, despite much lower worm burdens. In 1981, with average pasture growth, yearlings drenched in July before moving on to pastures previously grazed by cows, and drenched again in September, gained as much weight as those drenched every 2 weeks and significantly more than those undrenched and set-stocked. It is recommended that weaners or yearlings should be moved in July on to improved pastures of low infectivity (obtained by previous grazing with cows or sheep). If combined with one or two drenches, this single move would be as effective for optimising weight gains as more complicated management schemes.

A Survey on Hierarchical Cluster Based Secure Routing Protocols and Key Management Schemes in Wireless Sensor Networks

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-26
Author(s):  
Yugashree Bhadane ◽  
Pooja Kadam
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Key Management ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Cluster Based Routing

Now days, wireless technology is one of the center of attention for users and researchers. Wireless network is a network having large number of sensor nodes and hence called as “Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)”. WSN monitors and senses the environment of targeted area. The sensor nodes in WSN transmit data to the base station depending on the application. These sensor nodes communicate with each other and routing is selected on the basis of routing protocols which are application specific. Based on network structure, routing protocols in WSN can be divided into two categories: flat routing, hierarchical or cluster based routing, location based routing. Out of these, hierarchical or cluster based routing is becoming an active branch of routing technology in WSN. To allow base station to receive unaltered or original data, routing protocol should be energy-efficient and secure. To fulfill this, Hierarchical or Cluster base routing protocol for WSN is the most energy-efficient among other routing protocols. Hence, in this paper, we present a survey on different hierarchical clustered routing techniques for WSN. We also present the key management schemes to provide security in WSN. Further we study and compare secure hierarchical routing protocols based on various criteria.

New advanced designed systems to ensure safeguard of the territory and preservation of water resources for irrigation

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Cinalberto Bertozzi ◽  
Fabio Paglione
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Water Board ◽  
Management Schemes ◽  
Innovative Techniques ◽  
River Po ◽  
Crop Irrigation

The Burana Land-Reclamation Board is an interregional water board operating in three regions and five provinces. The Burana Land-Reclamation Board operates over a land area of about 250,000 hectares between the Rivers Secchia, Panaro and Samoggia, which forms the drainage basin of the River Panaroand part of the Burana-Po di Volano, from the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines to the River Po. Its main tasks are the conservation and safeguarding of the territory, with particular attention to water resources and how they are used, ensuring rainwater drainage from urban centres, avoiding flooding but ensuringwater supply for crop irrigation in the summer to combat drought. Since the last century the Burana Land-Reclamation Board has been using innovative techniques in the planning of water management schemes designed to achieve the above aims, improving the management of water resources while keeping a constant eye on protection of the environment.

Management of grazing systems

1989 ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hodgson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Pastoral Systems ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Stocking Rates

Recent assessments of the relative importance of stocking rate. stocking policy and grazing management on the output from pastoral systems are used as a starting point to argue the need for objective pasture assessments to aid control of livestock enterprises to meet production targets. Variations in stocking rates, stocking policy and other management practices all provide alternative means of control of pasture conditions which are the major determinants of pasture and animal performance. Understanding of the influence of pasture conditions on systems performance should provide a better basis for management control and for Communication between farmers, extension officers and researchers. Keywords: Stocking rate, pasture condition, pasture cover

Regular estimates of paddock pasture mass can improve profitability on New Zealand dairy farms

2015 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.C. Beukes ◽  
S. Mccarthy ◽  
C.M. Wims ◽  
A.J. Romera
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Perfect Knowledge ◽  
Operating Profit ◽  
A Value ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Imperfect Knowledge ◽  
Farm Scale

Paddock selection is an important component of grazing management and is based on either some estimate of pasture mass (cover) or the interval since last grazing for each paddock. Obtaining estimates of cover to guide grazing management can be a time consuming task. A value proposition could assist farmers in deciding whether to invest resources in obtaining such information. A farm-scale simulation exercise was designed to estimate the effect of three levels of knowledge of individual paddock cover on profitability: 1) "perfect knowledge", where cover per paddock is known with perfect accuracy, 2) "imperfect knowledge", where cover per paddock is estimated with an average error of 15%, 3) "low knowledge", where cover is not known, and paddocks are selected based on longest time since last grazing. Grazing management based on imperfect knowledge increased farm operating profit by approximately $385/ha compared with low knowledge, while perfect knowledge added a further $140/ha. The main driver of these results is the level of accuracy in daily feed allocation, which increases with improving knowledge of pasture availability. This allows feed supply and demand to be better matched, resulting in less incidence of under- and over-feeding, higher milk production, and more optimal post-grazing residuals to maximise pasture regrowth. Keywords: modelling, paddock selection, pasture cover

MANAGEMENT OF NEW CULTIVARS FOR DRYLAND

1983 ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Lancashire ◽  
J.L. Brock
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
New Cultivars

Some characteristics of seed quality, establishment rates, performance in mixtures and response to grazing management of 5 new pasture plants with potential in dryland are described. On a dry hill country site in the Wairarapa, the contribution of the sown grasses established in separate plots with clovers under rotational grazing was 'Grasslands Wana' cocksfoot 65%; 'Grasslands Maru' phalaris 23%; 'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass 22%; and 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue 13% after 2 years. The other main grass species was resident perennial ryegrass which established from buried seed (ca. 240 plants/m*) and had a major impact on the establishment and growth of the sown grasses. On a seasonally dry Manawatu flat land soil 3 grazing managementsviz. set stocked all year (S); rotational all year (R); and combination (Cl (set stocked from lambing to drafting and rotational for the remainder of the year) were applied to mixtures of the new cultivars (except that 'Grasslands Apanui' cocksfoot replaced Wana) with ryegrass and white clover stocked at 20 sheep/ha. After 3 years the contribution of the new cultivars was negligible under S and ryegrass was dominant. The R pastures became cocksfoot dominant and Matua (in winter) and chicory (in summer) contributed more than in the S system. The C system produced the most evenly balanced species contribution with only Roa remaining at (5%. A sub-trial with cocksfoot cultivars demonstrated that Wana maintained better production and tiller density ~ll,000/m2 ) than Apanui (1000/m' ) under set stocking IS). Although some of the new cultivars will require specialised management procedures to fulfil their potential in dryland, the increasing and widespread use of Matua prairie grass in farming suggests that these techniques can be adopted in commercial agriculture provided good technical information is available in a management package when the cultivar is released. Keywords: Dryland, grazing management, mixtures, Matua prairie grass, Wana cocksfoot, Roa tall fescue, Maru phalaris, Chicory

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