scholarly journals Comparing Participants’ Brainwaves During Solo, Pair, and Mob Programming

2021 ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Makoto Shiraishi ◽  
Hironori Washizaki ◽  
Daisuke Saito ◽  
Yoshiaki Fukazawa
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Preliminary Information ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Different Types

AbstractParticipants’ feelings and impressions utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) and the effectiveness of code are compared for different types of programming sessions. EEG information is obtained as an alternate viewpoint during three programming sessions (solo, pair, and mob programming). MindWave Mobile 2 (brainwave detector) is equipped to collect the attention levels, meditation levels, and EEG brainwaves. These data are utilized to distinguish efficiencies, weaknesses, and points of interest by programming session. The results provide preliminary information to distinguish between the three sessions, but further studies are necessary to make firm conclusions. Additionally, alternative methods or systems are required to analyze the collected data.

Evaluating the Cost and Effectiveness of Customer Training Methods

1978 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-331
Author(s):  
Stephen H. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Training Effectiveness ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Self Instruction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Customer Training

The talk will deal with alternative methods of training customers to use new telephone services. Various measures of training effectiveness will be discussed with regard to their advantages and limitations. It will be argued that several measures—including cost—must be taken into account when evaluating training approaches. Two field studies will be described that examine several different types of training: (1) “Hands On” (demonstration) vs. “No Hands On” training; (2) Media-based vs. Lecture-based training; (3) “Live” training vs. Self-Instruction. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach will be described in terms of several measures of training effectiveness.

scholarly journals The corpuscular X-ray spectra of the raio-elements

1933 ◽  
Vol 139 (838) ◽  
pp. 336-342 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Photographic Plate ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Electron Transitions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Normal Atom ◽  
Narrow Bands

An interesting way in which an excited atom can emit its excess energy has been brought to light by the experiments of Robinson and of Auger. If, for example, an atom is ionised in the K state, then it may emit a quantum of radiation of some line of its K X-ray spectrum by means of a transition of an electron to the K level, but as an alternative method it may emit an electron instead, thus leaving the atom doubly ionised. One such process might be represented as [L I → K, L II → ∝] and the energy E of the ejected electron would be given by E = K abs — L Iabs — L IIabs — δ, where δ is a small correcting term to take into account that the work required to remove an electron from an ionised atom is slightly greater than that necessary in the case of a normal atom. Processes of this kind are essentially different from those giving rise to radiation since two electrons instead of one are concerned in the transition. The entire process must be considered as occurring simultaneously, and, to take as an example the case already mentioned, it has no meaning to attempt to state whether it is an L I electron which goes to the K state, and an L II electron which is ejected or vice versa . Two points of interest in this phenomenon are the investigation of the magnitude of the correction term δ, and of the relative probabilities of the different types of transition. It will be seen later that the possible transitions are considerably more numerous than with single electron transitions which give rise to radiation. This phenomenon has been studied by Robinson by analysing the ejected electrons with a magnetic field. A thin layer of the element under investigation is placed in the position of the source in the well-known semi-circular focussing apparatus, and is irradiated with X-rays of sufficiently high frequency to be able to eject electrons from the K state. There then follows a further electronic emission from these ionised atoms in the manner already described. Both sets of electrons are recorded photographically, and the various groups show up as lines or narrow bands on the photographic plate. A difficulty inherent in the nature of the experiment is that the groups of homogeneous electrons become slightly diffuse in emerging from the target which must have a certain thickness in order to yield groups of reasonable intensity.

scholarly journals Analysis of spatial distribution of touristic accommodation in Poland with the kernel density estimation of POIs

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-171
Author(s):  
Mirosław Bełej
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Density Estimation ◽  
Kernel Density Estimation ◽  
Kernel Density ◽  
Tourist Attraction ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Gis Software

Motives: Using Points-of-Interest (POIs) data and GIS software, the spatial heterogeneity of different types of accommodation could cheap, easily and quick be analyzed. Aim: The use of kernel density estimation (KDE) of Points-of-Interest data to shown spatial distribution of different types of accommodation in Poland. Results: There is a close relationship between the type of accommodation and the type of tourist attraction.

scholarly journals Potential of Nanoparticles Integrated with Antibacterial Properties in Preventing Biofilm and Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1338
Author(s):  
Maheswary Thambirajoo ◽  
Manira Maarof ◽  
Yogeswaran Lokanathan ◽  
Haliza Katas ◽  
Nur Fatiha Ghazalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Potential Use

Nanotechnology has become an emerging technology in the medical field and is widely applicable for various clinical applications. The potential use of nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents is greatly explored and taken into consideration as alternative methods to overcome the challenges faced by healthcare workers and patients in preventing infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. Among microorganisms, bacterial infections remain a major hurdle and are responsible for high morbidity and mortality globally, especially involving those with medical conditions and elderly populations. Over time, these groups are more vulnerable to developing resistance to antibiotics, as bacterial biofilms are difficult to destroy or eliminate via antibiotics; thus, treatment becomes unsuccessful or ineffective. Mostly, bacterial biofilms and other microbes can be found on medical devices and wounds where they disperse their contents which cause infections. To inhibit biofilm formations and overcome antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial-loaded nanoparticles alone or combined with other substances could enhance the bactericidal activity of nanomaterials. This includes killing the pathogens effectively without harming other cells or causing any adverse effects to living cells. This review summarises the mechanisms of actions employed by the different types of nanoparticles which counteract infectious agents in reducing biofilm formation and improve antibiotic therapy for clinical usage.

scholarly journals La Teoría de la Educación en la actividad académica española. Análisis de un indicador

10.14201/2948 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín García Carrasco ◽  
Ángel García Del Dujo ◽  
Ángela Barrón Ruiz ◽  
Margarita González Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Focal Points ◽  
Course Content ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Theory Of Education ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Spanish Universities ◽  
Internal Configuration

Analysis of the denomination of the courses and programs offered at a large number of Spanish universities enabled the authors to identify the different types of internal configuration that the field of Theory of Education acquires at the different institutions, together with the multiple thematic focal points of interest for research and teaching at each university. Some of the problems inherent to the programming of course content are also dealt with.

Desarrollo de un Sistema de Cultivo Tisular Híbrido y Multicomponente Usando Polímeros de Soporte Impresos 3D

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
C. A. Romero Zepeda
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
3D Printing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Organ On A Chip ◽  
Printing Method

The development of different types of Organ on a Chip has attract the attention of pharmaceutical industry to develop alternative methods for ensuring the efficiency of drugs before approval. A dual bioprinting-culturing system was developed to construct the needed elements needed for creating three dimensional tissues including the corresponding instrumented device that may keep the environment conditions that may reinforce the cells´ growth. The proposed 3D printing platform considering the principles of an Organ on a Chip for the creation of a hybrid system of scaffolds for tissue engineering using polylactic acid. The usage of the 3D printing method allows the modification and creation of a flexible platform with different structures to a low cost, including the possibility of introducing the structural elements to create multi component tissues. The developed system was tested using a traditional fibroblasts culture.

scholarly journals Synthesis of data from trials of interventions designed to change health behaviour; a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Ann Rhodes ◽  
Sofia Dias ◽  
Jack Wilkinson ◽  
Sarah Cotterill
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Inverse Variance ◽  
Common Scale ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Healthcare Interventions ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Continuous Measures

Many complex healthcare interventions aim to change the behaviour of patients or health professionals, e.g. stopping smoking or prescribing fewer antibiotics. This prompts the question of which behaviour change interventions are most effective. Synthesising evidence on the effectiveness of a particular type of behaviour change intervention can be challenging because of the high levels of heterogeneity in trial design. Here we use data from a published systematic review as a case study and compare alternative methods to address this heterogeneity. One important sources of heterogeneity is that compliance to a desired behaviour can be measured and reported in a variety of different ways. In addition, interventions designed to target behaviour can be implemented at either an individual or group level leading to trials with varying layers of clustering. To handle heterogeneous outcomes we can either convert all effect estimates to a common scale (e.g. using standardised mean differences) or have separate meta-analyses for different types of outcome measure (binary and continuous measures).To address the clustering structure, adjusted standard errors can be used with the inverse variance method, or weights can be assigned based on a consistent level of clustering, such as the number of healthcare professionals. A graphical method, the albatross plot utilises reported p-values only, and can synthesise data with both heterogeneous outcomes and clustering with minimal assumption and data manipulation. Based on these methods, we reanalysed our data in four different ways and have discussed the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

scholarly journals Financial bootstrapping among Costa Rican small businesses: an exploratory study

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11
Author(s):  
Marco Alvarado ◽  
Ronald Mora Esquivel
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
External Financing ◽  
Business Managers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Parallel Factor ◽  
Financial Bootstrapping

This study identifies and analyzes the financial bootstrapping techniques commonly used by small businesses in Costa Rica. The empirical application uses a unique sample of 161 Costa Rican SMEs for 2017. The results of the parallel factor analysis reveal that the analyzed SMEs adopt different types of bootstrapping techniques primarily related to the owners, customers, and alliances that facilitate the joint utilization of facilities and other assets. Entrepreneurs bootstrap their businesses to reduce the reliance on external financing. In this sense, the results of this study show that, rather than simply using what entrepreneurs are familiar with (e.g., credit from family or friends), Costa Rican small business managers are exploring and actively using a wide array of alternative methods in order to access financial resources.

scholarly journals In vitro propagation of Gerbera: A Review

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kanwar J ◽  
S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Culture Media ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Tissue And Organ Culture ◽  
Different Types

Gerbera has gained popularity in the past few years in many countries of the world and it is in great demand in the floral industry as cut flower as well as potted plant due to its beauty, colour, long vase life, and ability to rehydrate after long transportation. The most commercial cultivars are propagated through vegetative means by multiplication through divisions of clumps; however, the multiplication by this method is too slow to be commercially viable. To commercialize this crop and to meet the growing demand for planting material, tissue and organ culture techniques are being used as alternative methods for propagation in many countries. Most of the work has been carried on plant regeneration by adventitious organogenesis from capitulum, shoot tip, leaf, petiole and other parts of the plant. Attention should be paid to improve the technology to achieve 100% success in all species/cultivars to meet growing demands of the growers globally. From the literature, it is evident that gerberas are highly amenable to in vitro studies, as various explants were found to favourably respond to different culture media with different types and concentrations of growth regulators.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Pesticide Application Equipment Efficiency for Pests Control and Safety of the users, a Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-70
Author(s):  
O. M. Azeez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
High Biological Activity ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Soil Production ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

The technical state of the equipment used for pesticide application could guarantee effectiveness of pesticide and the safety of the users. Different types of nozzles and the portable, tractor-drawn and aerial equipment are deployed through alternative methods of application. In particular, more vital information is needed to ensure better choice of equipment, especially the nozzles, and calibration to ensure the correct dosage is applied. More concern for inherent danger has engendered health and safety legislation leading towards linking packaging of pesticides with the application equipment to provide a closed transfer system minimizing operator exposure.  Synthetic pesticides are extensively deployed in the control of harmful pests and thus prevent crop yield losses or product damage in modern agriculture. Therefore pesticide of high biological activity usually exhibited long persistence in the environment and caused undesirable effects to human health. However, farmers may be exposed to the effect of pesticides even when performing activities not directly related to pesticide use. Hence, farmers can face major exposure from manual direct spray, drift from neighboring fields, or by contact with pesticide residues on the treated crop or soil. Production of cash crop is still dependent on pesticides to attain acceptable levels of high crop yield. However, poor insecticide coverage resulting from the use of inefficient application equipment, wrong timing, irregularity and wrong technique of spraying are capable of accelerating the rate at which insects develop resistance to insecticides. Hence, along with the screening of new insecticides, fungicides and herbicides, new spraying pumps are usually evaluated by the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), for their efficiency before they are recommended for use in the application of cocoa pesticides and spraying equipment in Nigeria.

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