Effect of the Seismic Vulnerability of Water Pipelines on the Collapsible Soils of the North of Chile

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
Yolanda Alberto ◽  
Juan Carlos de la Llera Martin
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
The North ◽  
Collapsible Soils ◽  
Water Pipelines

scholarly journals Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability of Reinforced Concrete Frame buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 149 ◽  
pp. 02036
Author(s):  
Cherifi Fatiha ◽  
Farsi Mohammed ◽  
Kaci Salah
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Frame ◽  
Nonlinear Method ◽  
Seismic Risk Analysis ◽  
Building Inventory ◽  
Concrete Frame ◽  
Capacity Curves ◽  
The North ◽  
Frame Buildings

The seismic activity remains strong in the north of Algeria since no less than 30 earthquakes per month are recorded. The large number of structures built before the introduction of the seismic standards represents a high seismic risk. Analysis of damage suffered during the last earthquakes highlighted the vulnerability of the existing structures. In this study the seismic behavior of the existing buildings in Tizi-Ouzou city, located in the north of Algeria, is investigated. To make this assessment, a database was created following a building inventory based on a set of technical folders and field visits. The listed buildings have been classified into different typologies. Only reinforced concrete frame buildings are considered in this paper. The approach adopted to estimate structures damage is based on four main steps: 1) construction of capacity curves using static nonlinear method “push-over”, 2) estimate of seismic hazard, 3) determination of performance points, and finally 4) deduction of damage levels.

scholarly journals Mikrozonasi di Daerah Plampang, Nusa Tenggara Barat

EKSPLORIUM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Eko Rudi Iswanto ◽  
Theo Alvin Riyanto ◽  
Hadi Suntoko
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Spectral Ratio ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
The North ◽  
Vulnerability Maps ◽  
Vulnerability Map ◽  
Microtremor Measurement

ABSTRAK Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) merupakan daerah dengan aktivitas kegempaan yang tinggi. Fenomena ini disebabkan oleh adanya aktivitas tektonik sebagai akibat pertemuan Lempeng Eurasia-Australia (zona subduksi) di bagian selatan dan Sesar Flores di bagian utara serta adanya keberadaan sesar-sesar lokal. Terkait dengan rencana pengembangan kawasan Samota di Pulau Sumbawa, NTB, perlu dilakukan suatu kajian kegempaan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memetakan indeks kerentanan seismik (Kg) melalui pengukuran mikrotremor dengan analisis menggunakan metode Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR). Hasil penelitian berupa peta kerentanan seismik daerah Plampang yang menunjukkan bahwa sisi utara lokasi penelitian memiliki indeks kerentanan seismik rendah yang ditandai dengan nilai amplifikasi kurang dari tiga jika dibandingkan daerah lainnya. Geologi sisi utara lokasi penelitian tersusun oleh batuan gunung api dengan karakteristik batuan keras, ketebalan sedimen sangat tipis, dan tersusun atas batuan Tersier atau lebih tua. Peta kerentanan seismik berguna sebagai acuan dalam mitigasi gempa bumi untuk mengurangi risiko yang ditimbulkan. ABSTRACT Nusa Tenggara Barat (NTB) Province is an area with intense seismic activity. This phenomenon is caused by tectonic activity as the result of the convergency of the Eurasia-Australia Plates (subduction zone) in the south and the Flores Fault in the north as well as the presence of local faults. Regarding the plan to develop the Samota area in Sumbawa Island, NTB, a study concerning earthquakes should be done. The purpose of this study is to map the seismic vulnerability index (Kg) through microtremor measurement by using the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) analysis method. The result of the study is a seismic vulnerability map of the Plampang area which its northern part has a low seismic vulnerability index indicated by the amplification factor value of less than three compared to other areas. The geology of the northern part of the Plampang area consists of volcanic rocks which has hard rock characteristic, very thin sediment thickness, and composed of Tertiary or older rocks. Seismic vulnerability maps can be useful as a reference for earthquake mitigation to reduce its risks.

scholarly journals Characterization of scale deposits formed in sanitary hot water pipelines in the northern tourist zone of Agadir city

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
M'barek Belattar ◽  
Abdallah Hadfi ◽  
Said Ben Aazza ◽  
Said Mohareb ◽  
Naima Hafid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Infrared Spectrometry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The North ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Water Pipelines

The formation of scale on surfaces in contact with water is due to many reasons as the hardness of water and its temperature. Therefore, this phenomenon of scale in water pipelines is a common and inevitable problem in the regions that exploit or use groundwater with high rigidity. The circuits fed by hot water are easily reached by hard water scaling. The deposition of encrusting curst at the level of walls in touch with water is due to many technical, economic and environmental problems. It causes a reduction in water flow and a decrease in the efficiency of heating systems.In this study, we are particularly interested in studying the phenomenon of hard water scaling caused by sanitary hot water in a tourist unit situated in the north of the seaside in the city of Agadir. First, we have evaluated the physico-chemical quality of water in use in this tourist unit. Secondly, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the scale found in the circuits that transport sanitary hot water. Several analytical techniques were used to reach this goal namely: X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which shows that 85.50% of scale is represented by Calcium Carbonate. Whereas infrared spectrometry (IR) demonstrates the existence of the Carbonate anion CO32-. In addition, due to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) we found that the endothermic event shows the decomposition of Calcium Carbonate of CaO and CO2 in the temperature range of 660 C° to 820 C°. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it indicates that the scale takes the form of needle-like aragonite crystals. At last, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the scale is composed essentially of Calcium Carbonate of the type aragonite.The results of the different techniques of characterisation are in concordance in the scaling of the circuits of sanitary hot water in the tourist unit under study.

scholarly journals Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) Model for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) of Urban Residential Buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Alizadeh ◽  
Mazlan Hashim ◽  
Esmaeil Alizadeh ◽  
Himan Shahabi ◽  
Mohammad Karami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Multi Criteria Decision Making ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Tabriz City

Earthquakes are among the most catastrophic natural geo-hazards worldwide and endanger numerous lives annually. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate seismic vulnerability beforehand to decrease future fatalities. The aim of this research is to assess the seismic vulnerability of residential houses in an urban region on the basis of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) model, including the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS). Tabriz city located adjacent to the North Tabriz Fault (NTF) in North-West Iran was selected as a case study. The NTF is one of the major seismogenic faults in the north-western part of Iran. First, several parameters such as distance to fault, percent of slope, and geology layers were used to develop a geotechnical map. In addition, the structural construction materials, building materials, size of building blocks, quality of buildings and buildings-floors were used as key factors impacting on the building’s structural vulnerability in residential areas. Subsequently, the AHP technique was adopted to measure the priority ranking, criteria weight (layers), and alternatives (classes) of every criterion through pair-wise comparison at all levels. Lastly, the layers of geotechnical and spatial structures were superimposed to design the seismic vulnerability map of buildings in the residential area of Tabriz city. The results showed that South and Southeast areas of Tabriz city exhibit low to moderate vulnerability, while some regions of the north-eastern area are under severe vulnerability conditions. In conclusion, the suggested approach offers a practical and effective evaluation of Seismic Vulnerability Assessment (SVA) and provides valuable information that could assist urban planners during mitigation and preparatory phases of less examined areas in many other regions around the world.

scholarly journals LOCAL GEOLOGY AND SITE CLASS ASSESSMENT BASED ON MICROTREMOR DATA IN NORTH LOMBOK

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Suhayat Minardi ◽  
Nirmala Aprianti ◽  
Akhmad Solikhin
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Site Effect ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Sediment Layer ◽  
Local Site Effect ◽  
Site Class ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Site ◽  
Dominant Period

Lombok Island is an active seismic area in Indonesia potentially hit by an earthquake due to located between two earthquake generators from the south and the North. Several large earthquakes rocked Lombok, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.4 on July 29, 2018, and 7.0 on August 5, 2018. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the local site effect based on the dominant frequency value ( ), soil amplification ( ), sediment layer thickness (d), , dominant period (T0), and seismic vulnerability index ( ) and to comprehend the soil class (site class) based on the thickness of the sediment layer (d), and  in the North Lombok region. The data used is secondary data from microtremor signal recordings in North Lombok Regency in 2018. Data processing used Geopsy software, and microtremor data were analyzed using the HVSR method. From processing the HVSR data, the dominant frequency value about (0.8 - 18) Hz, amplification value (1.7 – 9.7), dominant period value (0.05 – 1.2) seconds, seismic vulnerability index value (0.4 – 71) , and the value of   in the study area (20.05 – 287.04) m/s. Based on microtremor analysis, the local site effect indicates that alluvium rocks caused stronger earthquake vibrations and more damage. Whereas the Kalibabak and Lekopiko formations caused fewer earthquake vibrations and less wear. Based on the dominant period and , area study classify as Site Class IV class E and Site Class III class D  Copyright © 2021 IPR. All rights reserved.

scholarly journals INTEGRATED ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC PHYSICAL VULNERABILITY OF TEHRAN USING RULE BASED GRANULAR COMPUTING

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-3/W3 ◽  
pp. 187-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sheikhian ◽  
M. R. Delavar ◽  
A. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Granular Computing ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Physical Vulnerability ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
The North ◽  
Prone Area

Tehran, the capital of Iran, is surrounded by the North Tehran fault, the Mosha fault and the Rey fault. This exposes the city to possibly huge earthquakes followed by dramatic human loss and physical damage, in particular as it contains a large number of non-standard constructions and aged buildings. Estimation of the likely consequences of an earthquake facilitates mitigation of these losses. Mitigation of the earthquake fatalities may be achieved by promoting awareness of earthquake vulnerability and implementation of seismic vulnerability reduction measures. In this research, granular computing using generality and absolute support for rule extraction is applied. It uses coverage and entropy for rule prioritization. These rules are combined to form a granule tree that shows the order and relation of the extracted rules. In this way the seismic physical vulnerability is assessed, integrating the effects of the three major known faults. Effective parameters considered in the physical seismic vulnerability assessment are slope, seismic intensity, height and age of the buildings. Experts were asked to predict seismic vulnerability for 100 randomly selected samples among more than 3000 statistical units in Tehran. The integrated experts’ point of views serve as input into granular computing. Non-redundant covering rules preserve the consistency in the model, which resulted in 84% accuracy in the seismic vulnerability assessment based on the validation of the predicted test data against expected vulnerability degree. The study concluded that granular computing is a useful method to assess the effects of earthquakes in an earthquake prone area.

scholarly journals UNCERTAINTY HANDLING IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT USING HIERARCHICAL ROUGH SET GRANULATION

2015 ◽  
Vol II-3/W5 ◽  
pp. 271-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sheikhian ◽  
M. R. Delavar ◽  
A. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Granular Computing ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Rule Extraction ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Classification Rules ◽  
Earthquake Intensity ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The North

Uncertainty is one of the main concerns in geospatial data analysis. It affects different parts of decision making based on such data. In this paper, a new methodology to handle uncertainty for multi-criteria decision making problems is proposed. It integrates hierarchical rough granulation and rule extraction to build an accurate classifier. Rough granulation provides information granules with a detailed quality assessment. The granules are the basis for the rule extraction in granular computing, which applies quality measures on the rules to obtain the best set of classification rules. The proposed methodology is applied to assess seismic physical vulnerability in Tehran. Six effective criteria reflecting building age, height and material, topographic slope and earthquake intensity of the North Tehran fault have been tested. The criteria were discretized and the data set was granulated using a hierarchical rough method, where the best describing granules are determined according to the quality measures. The granules are fed into the granular computing algorithm resulting in classification rules that provide the highest prediction quality. This detailed uncertainty management resulted in 84% accuracy in prediction in a training data set. It was applied next to the whole study area to obtain the seismic vulnerability map of Tehran. A sensitivity analysis proved that earthquake intensity is the most effective criterion in the seismic vulnerability assessment of Tehran.

scholarly journals SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF FES MEDINA IN MOROCCO

2020 ◽  
Vol XLIV-M-1-2020 ◽  
pp. 699-706
Author(s):  
S. Stefanini ◽  
L. Rovero ◽  
U. Tonietti
Keyword(s):  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Historical Earthquakes ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Seismic Intensity ◽  
World Heritage Site ◽  
Damage Scenarios ◽  
The North ◽  
Unesco World Heritage Site

Abstract. The assessment of seismic vulnerability in the Maghreb area is not yet fully investigated, especially considering the important connection between the vulnerability and traditional housing or construction local types. This paper proposes a methodology for the assessment of seismic vulnerability at territorial scale that is calibrated on the specific characteristics of historical settlements in the North of Morocco, mostly made of patio buildings in aggregate. The proposed methodology is structured to be extended and replicated in other similar contexts and is based on the Vulnerability Index approach proposed by the National Group for Earthquake Defence (Gruppo Nazionale per la Difesa dai Terremoti, GNDT). This method was applied to the Medina of Fes, UNESCO World Heritage site, which has suffered severe damages from historical earthquakes. The study allowed the realization of vulnerability and fragility curves, damage scenarios for different seismic intensity and loss scenarios. The proposed methodology was applied a second time to the case study after a simulated structural retrofitting intervention. The results of this second application allowed to validate the guidelines and the reinforcement strategies calibrated on local construction culture. The results of the vulnerability assessment are also presented through maps in the Geographic Information System (GIS) environment.

scholarly journals Seismic risk of critical facilities in the Dominican Republic: case study of school buildings

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (18) ◽  
pp. 13579-13595
Author(s):  
N. J. Rojas-Mercedes ◽  
L. Di Sarno ◽  
A. L. Simonelli ◽  
A. Penna
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Soil Liquefaction ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Seismic Code ◽  
The North ◽  
Critical Facilities ◽  
Current Student

Abstract The island of Hispaniola, shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti, is located in a subduction zone between the North America plate and the Caribbean plate. In addition, there are 13 geological faults in the interior of the island, some of which have shown the potential to generate earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 and higher. Thus, the whole island is considered to be a high seismic risk region. In the past 100 years, several earthquakes have affected both parts of the island. In the case of the Dominican Republic, two earthquakes stand out: a magnitude 8.1 earthquake on August 4, 1946, north of the Samaná Province, which caused a tsunami, soil liquefaction, and the loss of about 100 lives, and a magnitude 6.5 earthquake on September 22, 2003, in the city of Puerto Plata, which caused significant damage for infrastructures. Among the observed effects, the partial and total collapse of several school buildings had a remarkable impact on local communities. In addition to the high seismic risk, a large part of the national infrastructure may exhibit high vulnerability to earthquakes because the seismic regulations had been the same for 32 years, namely from 1979 to 2011. During these three decades, thousands of structures were built nationwide, including essential facilities such as hospitals and schools. Considering that the current student population in public schools in the Dominican Republic is over 2 million, with the majority attending buildings that were designed with the 1979 seismic code and which proved to be highly vulnerable during the Puerto Plata earthquake, it is vital to take measures that reduce the risk and minimize potential earthquake damage to school buildings. In this context, the Technological Institute of Santo Domingo (INTEC) has undertaken recently a project with the main objective to assess the seismic vulnerability of 22 schools located in the San Cristóbal Province, in the south of the Dominican Republic. The latter schools were all built prior to the adoption of the current updated seismic code. This paper presents the results of the assessment of the Fernando Cabral Ortega School. Although only the results of a single RC building are presented, the response of such structure can be considered representative of a portfolio of existing schools in Dominican Republic.

Co-operation of private water management sector with municipalities

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 219-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kyncl
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Private Company ◽  
The North ◽  
Management Association ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Relationship

After 1990 a gradual privatisation of the water and sewerage sector began in the Czech Republic as well as in other Central and Eastern European countries. State assets of public water pipelines and sewerage were transferred to towns and municipalities and joint stock companies were established. Two types of companies appeared Ð operational and ownership companies. The first type is the operational company that operates the infrastructure assets of public water pipelines and sewerage. These assets stay in the ownership of municipalities. A long term operational contract is agreed that solves the relationship between the owners and operators. The second type is the ownership company that directly owns the infrastructure assets of public water pipelines. Towns and municipalities in this case became shareholders of those companies. At the end of nineties, big international companies bought shares of both operational and ownership companies. Municipalities have to, by law, ensure the operation of public water pipelines. However, by the sale of shares they have lost a possibility to participate in decision making. A question about future co-operation between towns and municipalities and ownership companies appears. An example of the North Moravian Water and Sewerage Works Company was used to describe a possible way of co-operation between a private company and the municipalities on whose territory the company operates. Contracts between the ownership company and particular municipalities were agreed. This solution turned out to be complicated, so the municipalities affiliated and established Water Management Association. The objective of the Association is to promote common interests of the municipalities in relation to the water company. A contract was agreed between the Water Management Association and the company about co-operation in the area of water tariff setting and public waterworks' development.

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