Development of Building Inventory Data in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia for Seismic Loss Estimation

During the last two decades, the rapid urbanization movement has increased the concentration of population and buildings in Ulaanbaatar city (UB), Mongolia. There are several active faults around UB. The estimated maximum magnitude of 7 in the Emeelt fault has been expected to significantly impact the UB region because the fault is only 20 km from the city. To consider the disaster mitigation planning for such large earthquakes, assessments of ground shaking intensities and building damage for the scenarios are crucial. In this study, we develop the building inventory data in UB, including structural types, construction year, height, and construction cost in order to assess the buildings’ vulnerability (repair cost) due to a scenario earthquake. The construction costs are estimated based on the procedure of the Mongolian construction code from the coefficients of cost per floor area for each structural type, and coefficients for heating system, floor areas, and buildings’ locations. Finally, the scenario’s economic loss of the damaged buildings is evaluated using the developed building inventory, global vulnerability curves of GAR-13, and estimated spectral accelerations.

INVENTARISASI ARSITEKTUR BANGUNAN CAGAR BUDAYA KANTOR POS SEMARANG (Memikirkan Kembali Peluang Fungsi Kantor Pos di Era Digital)

During the Dutch colonial period, Daendeles (1808) built a 1000km postal highway from Anyer - Panarukan. Now the road is known as the pantura (north coast route). The main function is to facilitate communication between regions controlled by Daendeles. One of the buildings that influenced the construction of the postal highway was the first post office in Batavia (1746) and the second post office in Semarang (1750). In the city of Semarang, along with the development of the city to the south and the existence of road infrastructure towards the kingdom of Mataram (Surakarta and Jogjakarta), several branch post offices were built in the Bangkong area and the Post Office Jalan Dr. Wahidin. The building is the center of postal services and operations in the city of Semarang and its surroundings. However, along with the development of the postal industry process, it has pushed service rooms to be more efficient, resulting in a reduction in the need for workspaces which results in a lot of space that can be used for other functions. This opportunity to revitalize the old post office building can be integrated with the potential of the Old Town area which has been developed as a mainstay tourism destination for the city of Semarang. Taking into account this potential, the purpose of this paper is to map and inventory the architectural potential of the Semarang post office which is very urgent to do. The method used is to conduct observations and interviews in a structured manner. The focus of the study is on the potential of architecture, including architectural space and character, as well as the potential of the existing environment or area. The result of the building inventory to preserve that not only focuses on the physical building but also how the activities in it are still attached to the function of the building.Abstrak: Pada masa colonial Belanda, Daendeles (1808) membangun jalan raya pos sepanjang 1000km dari Anyer - Panarukan dan kini dikenal dengan jalur pantura. Fungsi utama adalah memperlancar komunikasi antar daerah yang di kuasai Daendeles. Salah satu bangunan yang berpengaruh terhadap dibangunnya jalan raya pos adalah Kantor pos pertama di Batavia (1746) dan Kantor pos kedua di Semarang (1750). Di Kota Semarang seiring dengan perkembangan kota ke arah Selatan dan telah adanya infrastruktur jalur jalan kearah kerajaan Mataram (Surakarta dan Jogjakarta) maka dibangunlah kantor pos cabang di kawasan Bangkong dan Kantor pos jalan Dr. Wahidin. Bangunan tersebut menjadi salah satu tulang punggung pelayanan dan operasional pos di wilayah Kota Semarang dan sekitarnya. Namun seiring dengan perkembangan proses industri pos telah mendorong ruang pelayanan semakin efisien sehingga terjadi pengurangan kebutuhan ruang kerja yang mengakibatkan banyak ruang yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk fungsi lain. Peluang ini dapat diintegrasikan dengan potensi kawasan Kota Tua telah dikembangkan sebagai ruang publik dan destinasi pariwisata andalan Kota Semarang. Dengan memperhatikan adanya potensi tersebut tujuan paper ini adalah melakukan mapping dan inventarisasi potensi arsitektur kantor pos Semarang yang sangat mendesak untuk dilakukan. Metode yang dilakukan adalah melakukan survey lapangan dan wawancara secara terstruktur. Adapun fokus kajian adalah pada potensi arsitektur mencakup ruang dan karakter arsitektur, serta potensi lingkungan atau kawasan yang ada. Hasil dari inventarisir bangunan adalah upaya untuk melestarikan yang tidak hanya berfokus pada fisik bangunan saja tetapi juga bagaimana aktivitas di dalamnya masih tetap melekat dengan fungsi bangunannya.

Comparison of Neighborhood-Scale, Residential Property Flood-Loss Assessment Methodologies

Leading flood loss estimation models include Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) Hazus, FEMA’s Flood Assessment Structure Tool (FAST), and (U.S.) Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Flood Impact Analysis (HEC-FIA), with each requiring different data input. No research to date has compared the resulting outcomes from such models at a neighborhood scale. This research examines the building and content loss estimates by Hazus Level 2, FAST, and HEC-FIA, over a levee-protected census block in Metairie, in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana. Building attribute data in National Structure Inventory (NSI) 2.0 are compared against “best available data” (BAD) collected at the individual building scale from Google Street View, Jefferson Parish building inventory, and 2019 National Building Cost Manual, to assess the sensitivity of input building inventory selection. Results suggest that use of BAD likely enhances flood loss estimation accuracy over existing reliance on default data in the software or from a national data set that generalizes over a broad scale. Although the three models give similar mean (median) building and content loss, Hazus Level 2 results diverge from those produced by FAST and HEC-FIA at the individual building level. A statistically significant difference in mean (median) building loss exists, but no significant difference is found in mean (median) content loss, between building inventory input (i.e., NSI 2.0 vs BAD), but both the building and content loss vary at the individual building scale due to difference in building-inventory-reported foundation height, foundation type, number of stories, replacement cost, and content cost. Moreover, building loss estimation also differs significantly by depth-damage function (DDF), for flood depths corresponding with the longest return periods, with content loss differing significantly by DDF at all return periods tested, from 10 to 500 years. Knowledge of the extent of estimated differences aids in understanding the degree of uncertainty in flood loss estimation. Much like the real estate industry uses comparable home values to appraise a home, flood loss planners should use multiple models to estimate flood-related losses. Moreover, results from this study can be used as a baseline for assessing losses from other hazards, thereby enhancing protection of human life and property.

Regional based exposure models to account for local building typologies

The development of building inventory is a fundamental step for the evaluation of the seismic risk at territorial scale. Census data are usually employed for building inventory in large scale application and their use requires suitable rules to assign buildings typologies to vulnerability classes, that is an exposure model specific for the considered vulnerability model. Several exposure models are developed proposing class assignment rules that are calibrated on building typological data available from post-earthquake survey data. However, this approach has the drawback of being based on data from specific geographic areas that have been hit by damaging earthquakes. Indeed, the distribution of building typologies can vary greatly for different areas of a country and the diffusion of one building’s typology rather than another one may depend on the availability of construction material in the area, the evolution of construction techniques and the codes in force at the time of construction. This paper aims to improve the exposure modelling at regional scale, investigating the variability of masonry building typologies distribution. It proposes a methodology to recalibrate the exposure models at regional scale and evaluates the influence of the improved characterization of regional vulnerability on damage and risk assessment. The study shows that the analysis of local building typologies may strongly impact on the evaluation of the seismic risk at territorial scale.

Modifications to global supply chain management strategies resulting from recent trade disruptions: an exploratory study

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore modifications to the supply chain strategies of international manufacturers resulting from recent momentous trade disruptions, including the US-China trade war, global tariff escalations, Brexit and heightened geopolitical tensions. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology consisted of a series of in-depth personal interviews with senior supply chain executives of six large US international manufacturers. Findings The study identified several short-term reactive strategies taken, including pulling purchase orders or production forward, building inventory and applying for exceptions from tariffs, along with longer-term proactive strategies such as shifting and expanding supplier and manufacturing locations. Research limitations/implications The study’s limitations involve its small sample size and its findings being industry and company-specific to a limited number of firms. While the sample size was deemed sufficient for this exploratory study, larger sample sizes and subsequent industry-specific analyses are recommended. Practical implications The global supply chain modifications effectively used by the firms in the study can offer guidance for practitioners facing similar challenges following major trade disruptions. Originality/value Due to the very recent emergence of the trade disruptors examined in this study, extant literature is limited. Hence, the findings noted in the paper offer not only guidance for practitioners but also make a strong contribution to research and literature on global supply chain risk management and disruption risk mitigation.

Accelerated Large-Scale Seismic Damage Simulation With a Bimodal Sampling Approach

Regional damage simulation is a promising method to prepare organizations for the unforeseeable impact of a probable seismic natural hazard. Nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) of the finite element models (FEM) of the buildings in a region can provide resembling results to the actual buildings’ damages and responses. This approach requires large-scale computational resources, and to improve efficiency, parallel processing and representing building FEM models with lumped mass models are proposed. However, the computing complexity is still far-reaching when high-performance computing is not available. The building inventory of a region consists of numerous similar buildings with a limited number of distinct structures. In this paper, we propose a data-driven method that runs the NLTHA for the distinct structures exclusively and infers the damage and responses of other buildings using a surrogate model. Considering the skewed distribution of the buildings in a region, a novel informative sample selection method is proposed that is designed for bimodal sampling of the input domain. We use the Gaussian process regression as the surrogate model and compare the performance of different sample selection methods. The proposed method is able to approximate the results of the regional damage simulation regarding total economic loss estimation with 98.99% accuracy while reducing the computational demand to about 1/7th of the simulation processing time.

Inventory and monitoring of historical cultural heritage buildings on a territorial scale: a preliminary study of structural health monitoring based on the CARTIS approach

Earthquakes induce dynamic stresses in structures, and past seismic events have demonstrated that existing heritage buildings are highly vulnerable. This vulnerability applies to both reinforced-concrete and masonry buildings, which are concentrated in historic centres throughout Italy. Significant variations in construction account for the inadequacy of existing structures to withstand seismic actions, such as the materials used and the construction details, which can be neglected in building practices. This work focuses on the analysis of heritage buildings through an inventory using the <em>Caratterizzazione TIpologica Strutturale</em> (CARTIS) form developed by the Seismic Engineering University Laboratories Network in conjunction with the Civil Protection Department. On knowing a building framework, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems can be applied on the town compartments (TCs) that are prone to the highest vulnerabilities. A priority criticalities scale can be devised starting from the building inventory by identifying the TCs through the CARTIS-based data. This approach can be used to determine a safety threshold obtained via structural parametrical analysis using commercial software (VEMnl) with different building typologies. The next stage consists of the implementation of appropriate SHM to provide important information regarding the structural integrity of the buildings. The proposed methodology is outlined in this paper with reference to the suggested SHM system<span lang="EN-US">.</span>

Heritage Building Inventory: C. P. Wolff Schoemaker’s Design of Cipaganti Great Mosque

Cipaganti Great Mosque by C. P. Wolff Schoemaker was built in 1933. Data related to this mosque was lost along with a fire that occurred in C. P. Wolff Schoemaker's house in 1948, while the mosque building has changed considerably compared to the original building. Responding to this problem, this study is conducted to reveal the origin form of Cipaganti Great Mosque, so that the results of this study are expected to help the process of inventory of cultural heritage buildings in Bandung City and to be a reference in conservation activities, especially related to the Cipaganti Great Mosque in the future. This qualitative research was carried out through two stages, starting from the data collection followed by the data verification to obtain building data from the Cipaganti Great Mosque. This study revealed that in designing the mass of the building, C. P. Wolff Schoemaker used modules of 2.5 m and 3 m in the floor plan design, while the dominance of the 1.5 m module was also seen in the height of the building mass. The mosque building was also designed symmetry as the work of C. P. Wolff Schoemaker in general.

Impact Assessment of Flood Damage in Urban Areas Using RCP 8.5 Climate Change Scenarios and Building Inventory

Korea has frequent flood damage due to localized torrential rain and typhoons as a result of climate change, which causes many casualties and property damage. In particular, much damage occurs due to urban inundation caused by stream flooding as a result of climate change. Thus, this study aims to analyze the effect of climate change on flood damage targeting the Wonjucheon basin, which is an urban stream flowing the city. For future rainfall data, RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) 8.5 climate change scenario data was used, statistical detailed using SDQDM (Spatial Disaggregation with Quantile Delta Mapping) techniques, and daily data was downscaled using Copula model. In general, the flood damage rate is calculated by using the area ratio according to the land use in the administrative district, but in this study, the flood damage rate is calculated using the flood damage rate proposed in the multi-dimensional flood damage analysis using Building Inventory. Using the created future rainfall data and current data, the runoff in the Wonjucheon basin, Wonju-si, South Korea, by rainfall frequency was calculated through the Spatial Runoff Assessment Tool (S-RAT) model, which was a distributed rainfall-runoff model. The runoff was calculated using 100-year and 200-year frequency rainfalls for a four-hour duration and the flood damage area was calculated by applying the calculated runoff to the Flo-2D model, was developed by Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in United State of America, which was a flood inundation model. As a result of calculating the amount of discharge, it was analyzed that the average amount of discharge increased by 16% over the 100-year, 200-year frequency. The calculated result of the flood damage area was analyzed and the analysis results showed that the future flood damage area increased by around 30% at the 100-year frequency and around 15% at the 200-year frequency. The estimated flood damage by rainfall frequency was calculated using the flood damage area by frequency and multi-dimensional analysis, and the analysis result exhibited that the damage increased by around 23% at the 100-year frequency and around 45% at the 200-year frequency.