Spatial and Temporal Discontinuities of Biological Processes in Pelagic Surface Waters

1988 ◽  
pp. 273-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel C. Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Biological Processes

scholarly journals Hydrochemical variability at the Upper Paraguay Basin and Pantanal wetland

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 2723-2737 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Rezende Filho ◽  
S. Furian ◽  
R. L. Victoria ◽  
C. Mascré ◽  
V. Valles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
The North ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Seasonally Flooded ◽  
End Members ◽  
Pantanal Wetland

Abstract. Compartmentalization is a prerequisite to understand large wetlands that receive water from several sources. However, it faces the heterogeneity in space and time, resulting from physical, chemical and biological processes that are specific to wetlands. The Pantanal is a vast seasonally flooded continental wetland located in the centre of South America. The chemical composition of the waters that supply the Pantanal (70 rivers) has been studied in order to establish a compartmentalization of the wetland based on soil-water interactions. A PCA-based EMMA (End-Members Mixing Analysis) procedure shows that the chemistry of the rivers can be viewed as a mixture of 3 end-members, influenced by lithology and land use, and delimiting large regions. Although the chemical composition of the end-members changed between dry and wet seasons, their spatial distribution was maintained. The results were extended to the floodplain by simple tributary mixing calculation according to the hydrographical network and to the areas of influence for each river when in overflow conditions. The resulting map highlights areas of high geochemical contrast on either side of the river Cuiaba in the north, and of the rivers Aquidauana and Abobral in the south. The PCA-based treatment on a sampling conducted in the Nhecolândia, a large sub region of the Pantanal, allowed the identification and ordering of the processes that control the geochemical variability of the surface waters. Despite an enormous variability in electrical conductivity and pH, all data collected were in agreement with an evaporation process of the Taquari River water, which supplies the region. Evaporation and associated saline precipitations (Mg-calcite, Mg-silicates K-silicates) explained more than 77% of the total variability in the chemistry of the regional surface water sampling.

scholarly journals Spatial variations in silicate-to-nitrate ratios in Southern Ocean surface waters are controlled in the short term by physics rather than biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2289-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Demuynck ◽  
Toby Tyrrell ◽  
Alberto Naveira Garabato ◽  
Mark Christopher Moore ◽  
Adrian Peter Martin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Nutrient Ratios ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Mode Water ◽  
A Chain

Abstract. The nutrient composition (high in nitrate but low in silicate) of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) forces diatom scarcity across much of the global surface ocean. This is because diatoms cannot grow without silicate. After formation and downwelling at the Southern Ocean's northern edge, SAMW re-emerges into the surface layers of the mid- and low-latitude oceans, providing a major nutrient source to primary producers in those regions. The distinctive nutrient composition of SAMW originates in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, from which SAMW is formed. These waters are observed to transition from being rich in both silicate and nitrate in high-latitude areas of the Southern Ocean to being nitrate-rich but silicate-depleted at SAMW formation sites further north. Here we investigate the key controls of this change in nutrient composition with an idealised model, consisting of a chain of boxes linked by a residual (Ekman- and eddy-induced) overturning circulation. Biological processes are modelled on the basis of seasonal plankton bloom dynamics, and physical processes are modelled using a synthesis of outputs from the data-assimilative Southern Ocean State Estimate. Thus, as surface water flows northward across the Southern Ocean toward sites of SAMW formation, it is exposed in the model (as in reality) to seasonal cycles of both biology and physics. Our results challenge previous characterisations of the abrupt northward reduction in silicate-to-nitrate ratios in Southern Ocean surface waters as being predominantly driven by biological processes. Instead, our model indicates that, over shorter timescales (years to decades), physical processes connecting the deep and surface waters of the Southern Ocean (i.e. upwelling and entrainment) exert the primary control on the spatial distribution of surface nutrient ratios.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical variability at the Upper Paraguay Basin and Pantanal wetland

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3129-3163
Author(s):  
A. T. Rezende Filho ◽  
S. Furian ◽  
R. L. Victoria ◽  
C. Mascré ◽  
V. Valles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
The North ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Total Variability ◽  
Seasonally Flooded ◽  
End Members ◽  
Pantanal Wetland

Abstract. Compartmentalization is a prerequisite to understand large wetlands that receive water from several sources. However, it faces the heterogeneity in space and time, resulting from physical, chemical and biological processes that are specific to wetlands. The Pantanal is a vast seasonally flooded continental wetland located in the centre of South America. The chemical makeup of the waters that supply the Pantanal (70 rivers) has been studied in order to establish a compartmentalization of the wetland based on soil-water interactions. A PCA-based EMMA (End-Members Mixing Analysis) procedure shows that the chemistry of the rivers can be regarded as a mixture of 3 end-members, influenced by lithology and land use, and delimiting large regions. Although the chemical composition of the end-members changed between dry and wet seasons, their spatial distribution was maintained. The results were extended to the floodplain by simple tributary mixing calculation according to the hydrographical network and to the areas of influence for each river when in overflow conditions. The resulting document highlights areas of high geochemical contrast on either side of the river Cuiaba in the north, and of the rivers Aquidauana and Abobral located in the south. The PCA-based treatment on a sampling conducted in the Nhecolândia, a large sub region of the Pantanal floodplain, allowed for the identification and prioritization of the processes that control the geochemical variability of the surface waters. Despite an enormous variability in Electrical Conductivity and pH, all data collected were in agreement with an evaporation process of the Taquari River water, which supplies the region. Evaporation and associated saline precipitations (Mg-calcite, Mg-silicates K-silicates) explained more than 77% of the total variability in the chemistry of the regional surface water sampling.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations in Silicate-to-Nitrate Ratios in the Southern Ocean Surface Waters are Controlled in the Short Term by Physics Rather Than Biology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Demuynck ◽  
Toby Tyrrell ◽  
Alberto Naveira Garabato ◽  
Mark C. Moore ◽  
Adrian P. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Nutrient Ratios ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Primary Control ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Mode Water ◽  
A Chain

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The nutrient composition (high in nitrate but low in silicate) of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) forces diatom scarcity across much of the global surface ocean. This is because diatoms cannot grow without silicate. After formation and downwelling at the Southern Ocean's northern edge, SAMW re-emerges into the surface layers of the mid- and low-latitude oceans, providing a major nutrient source to primary producers in those regions. The distinctive nutrient composition of SAMW originates in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, from which SAMW is formed. These waters are observed to transition from being rich in both silicate and nitrate in high-latitude areas of the Southern Ocean, to being nitrate-rich but silicate-depleted in SAMW formation sites further north. Here we investigate the key controls of this change in nutrient composition with an idealised model, consisting of a chain of boxes linked by a residual (Ekman- and eddy-induced) overturning circulation. Biological processes are modelled on the basis of seasonal plankton bloom dynamics, and physical processes are modelled using a synthesis of outputs from the data-assimilative Southern Ocean State Estimate. Thus, as surface water flows northward across the Southern Ocean toward sites of SAMW formation, it is exposed in the model (as in reality) to seasonal cycles of both biology and physics. Our results challenge previous characterisations of the abrupt northward reduction in silicate-to-nitrate ratios in Southern Ocean surface waters as being predominantly driven by biological processes. Instead, our model indicates that, over shorter timescales (years to decades), physical processes connecting the deep and surface waters of the Southern Ocean (i.e. upwelling and entrainment) exert the primary control on the spatial distribution of surface nutrient ratios.</p>

scholarly journals SUPPORTING THE WATER RESERVOIR RESTORATION PROCESSES BY USING SELECTED TYPE OF BIOLOGICAL BEDS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 83-98
Author(s):  
Agata Mazur ◽  
◽  
Krzysztof Chmielowski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Fixed Beds ◽  
Biological Methods

Aim of the study: The work aims to assess the possibility of the application of selected types of biological beds to support the revitalization processes of strongly degraded water reservoirs. Material and methods: The authors reviewed the literature on biological methods used in the treatment processes of various types of wastewater. Certain types of beds have been selected that show tolerance to temperature changes and significant changes in organic pollutant loads. The self-purification potential of water and the role of natural methods in the revitalization of water reservoirs were characterized. The characteristics of biological methods based on MBBR moving and fixed beds are presented. Results and conclusions: The possibility of application of selected types of MBBR moving and fixed beds in supporting the treatment of highly contaminated surface waters were assessed. Biotechnological methods based on liquid and solid biopreparations normally used in water revitalization were discussed. It has been shown that when biotechnological methods are not able to operate efficiently, it is very beneficial to start additional biological processes to improve the efficiency of the revitalization process.

The Stability of Geosmin and MIB and Their Deuterated Analogues in Surface Waters and Organic Solvents

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Korth ◽  
J. Ellis ◽  
K. Bowmer
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Internal Standards ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Acetone Hexane

Deuterated geosmin [trans-l,10-[2H3]-dimethyl-9α-decalol] anddeuteratedmethylisoborneol [2-exo-hydroxy-2-[2H3]-methylbornane] were synthesised and evaluated as alternatives to 1-chloroalkanes as internal standards in the determination of geosmin and MIB in surface waters. Geosmin and MIB were stored as dilute solutions in methanol, ethanol, acetone, hexane or carbon disulfide for >6 months without deterioration. Dichloromethane caused substantial decomposition of MIB. When added at the time of sampling, the labelled standards compensated for losses of analyte by physical, chemical and biological processes during sample storage. The labelled compounds were effective internal standards for the determination of other odorous metabolites such as the carbonyl compounds β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, geranylacetone and 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

Identifying Sources of Sulfate Aerosols Reaching Whiteface Mountain, NY

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 98-101
Author(s):  
James S. Webber
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Acid Deposition ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Whiteface Mountain ◽  
Toxic Trace Metals

INTRODUCTION“Acid rain” and “acid deposition” are terms no longer confined to the lexicon of atmospheric scientists and 1imnologists. Public awareness of and concern over this phenomenon, particularly as it affects acid-sensitive regions of North America, have increased dramatically in the last five years. Temperate ecosystems are suffering from decreased pH caused by acid deposition. Human health may be directly affected by respirable sulfates and by the increased solubility of toxic trace metals in acidified waters. Even man's monuments are deteriorating as airborne acids etch metal and stone features.Sulfates account for about two thirds of airborne acids with wet and dry deposition contributing equally to acids reaching surface waters or ground. The industrial Midwest is widely assumed to be the source of most sulfates reaching the acid-sensitive Northeast since S02 emitted as a byproduct of coal combustion in the Midwest dwarfs S02 emitted from all sources in the Northeast.

Fluorescent potentiometric dyes for membrane-potential imaging

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 166-167
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Loew
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Quantitative Imaging ◽  
Optical Recording ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
The Past ◽  
Excitable Systems ◽  
Major Application ◽  
The Impact

A major application of potentiometric dyes has been the multisite optical recording of electrical activity in excitable systems. After being championed by L.B. Cohen and his colleagues for the past 20 years, the impact of this technology is rapidly being felt and is spreading to an increasing number of neuroscience laboratories. A second class of experiments involves using dyes to image membrane potential distributions in single cells by digital imaging microscopy - a major focus of this lab. These studies usually do not require the temporal resolution of multisite optical recording, being primarily focussed on slow cell biological processes, and therefore can achieve much higher spatial resolution. We have developed 2 methods for quantitative imaging of membrane potential. One method uses dual wavelength imaging of membrane-staining dyes and the other uses quantitative 3D imaging of a fluorescent lipophilic cation; the dyes used in each case were synthesized for this purpose in this laboratory.

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