Plant–Microbe Interactions: An Insight into the Underlying Mechanisms to Mitigate Diverse Environmental Stresses

Obesity can be caused by microbes producing metabolites; it is thus important to determine the correlation between gut microbes and metabolites. This study aimed to identify gut microbiota-metabolomic signatures that change with a high-fat diet and understand the underlying mechanisms. To investigate the profiles of the gut microbiota and metabolites that changed after a 60% fat diet for 8 weeks, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analyses were performed. Mice belonging to the HFD group showed a significant decrease in the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes but an increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes compared to the control group. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, such as Lactococcus, Blautia, Lachnoclostridium, Oscillibacter, Ruminiclostridium, Harryflintia, Lactobacillus, Oscillospira, and Erysipelatoclostridium, was significantly higher in the HFD group than in the control group. The increased relative abundance of Firmicutes in the HFD group was positively correlated with fecal ribose, hypoxanthine, fructose, glycolic acid, ornithine, serum inositol, tyrosine, and glycine. Metabolic pathways affected by a high fat diet on serum were involved in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and trypto-phan biosynthesis. This study provides insight into the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolites altered by HFD and may help to understand the mechanisms underlying obesity mediated by gut microbiota.

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Nominal Number and Language Pathologies

The Oxford Handbook of Grammatical Number ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198795858.013.14 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 290-304

Author(s):

Britta Biedermann ◽

Nora Fieder ◽

Karen Smith-Lock

Keyword(s):

Language Impairment ◽

Language Production ◽

Developmental Delays ◽

Language Disorder ◽

Number Processing ◽

Developmental Language Disorder ◽

Cognitive Neuropsychology ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Grammatical Number ◽

Insight Into

This chapter provides an overview of the evidence on grammatical number processing taken from cognitive neuropsychology, including developmental delays and impairments of language (e.g. developmental language disorder, and Williams syndrome) and aphasia, an acquired language impairment after brain injury. These types of language impairment can give insight into the functional architecture of nominal number processing by looking at error patterns that arise in each of the aforementioned populations. By classifying observed responses in language production tasks into non-number and number errors, we are able to reveal underlying mechanisms of syntactic rules and their representations when they develop, but also learn about processes and representation of number when this information breaks down.

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Dislocation–grain boundary interactions: recent advances on the underlying mechanisms studied via nanoindentation testing

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/s43578-020-00096-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Farhan Javaid ◽

Habib Pouriayevali ◽

Karsten Durst

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundary ◽

Mechanical Response ◽

Displacement Curve ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Recent Advances ◽

Slip Transfer ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

Dislocation Interactions ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Insight Into

Abstract To comprehend the mechanical behavior of a polycrystalline material, an in-depth analysis of individual grain boundary (GB) and dislocation interactions is of prime importance. In the past decade, nanoindentation emerged as a powerful tool to study the local mechanical response in the vicinity of the GB. The improved instrumentation and test protocols allow to capture various GB–dislocation interactions during the nanoindentation in the form of strain bursts on the load–displacement curve. Moreover, the interaction of the plastic zone with the GB provides important insight into the dislocation transmission effects of distinct grain boundaries. Of great importance for the analysis and interpretation of the observed effects are microstructural investigations and computational approaches. This review paper focused on recent advances in the dislocation–GB interactions and underlying mechanisms studied via nanoindentation, which includes GB pop-in phenomenon, localized grain movement under ambient conditions, and an analysis of the slip transfer mechanism using theoretical treatments and simulations. Graphical abstract

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Species Differences in the Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Activities of Lepidium sativum and Insight into Underlying Mechanisms

Phytotherapy Research ◽

10.1002/ptr.4819 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 1086-1094 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Anwarul‐Hassan Gilani ◽

Najeeb‐ur Rehman ◽

Malik Hassan Mehmood ◽

Khalid M. Alkharfy

Keyword(s):

Species Differences ◽

Lepidium Sativum ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Insight Into

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Biophysical Insight into Protein Folding, Aggregate Formation and its Inhibition Strategies

Protein and Peptide Letters ◽

10.2174/0929866528666211125114421 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Syed Mohammad Zakariya ◽

Aiman Zehr ◽

Rizwan Hasan Khan

Keyword(s):

Protein Folding ◽

Amyloid Fibrils ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

The Body ◽

Aggregate Formation ◽

Structural Characterisation ◽

Current Scenario ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Quality Control Mechanism ◽

Insight Into

: The failure of protein to correctly fold into its functional and unique three dimensional form leads to misfolded or partially folded protein. When these rogue proteins and polypeptides escape the quality control mechanism within the body, they result in aberrant aggregation of proteins into characteristic amyloid fibrils. This is the main cause for the number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. This review aims to summarise the underlying mechanisms of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation. It also highlights the recent technologies for the structural characterisation and detection of amyloid fibrils in addition to the various factors responsible for the aggregate formation and the strategies to combat the aggregation process. Besides, the journey from origin to the current scenario of protein aggregation is also concisely discussed.

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Mouse Models of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Neurobiology of Mental Illness ◽

10.1093/med/9780199934959.003.0022 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 287-300

Author(s):

Mikhail V. Pletnikov ◽

Christopher A. Ross

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Animal Models ◽

Mouse Models ◽

Recent Progress ◽

Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽

Environmental Interventions ◽

The Future ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Insight Into ◽

Genetic Mouse Models

Despite the recent advances in research into schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, the neurobiology of these maladies remains poorly understood. Animal models can be instrumental in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Early animal models of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder used lesion methods, pharmacologic challenges or environmental interventions to mimic pathogenic features of the diseases. The recent progress in genetics has stimulated the development of etiological models that have begun to provide insight into pathogenesis. In this review, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the existing genetic mouse models of schizophrenia and discuss potential developments for the future.

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Extracranial arteriovenous malformations: from bedside to bench

Mutagenesis ◽

10.1093/mutage/gez028 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Congzhen Qiao ◽

Gresham T Richter ◽

Weijun Pan ◽

Yunbo Jin ◽

Xiaoxi Lin

Keyword(s):

Arteriovenous Malformations ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Vascular Anomaly ◽

High Recurrence Rate ◽

Medical Interventions ◽

Lethal Complications ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Fast Flow ◽

Insight Into ◽

Huge Challenge

Abstract Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is defined as a fast-flow vascular anomaly that shunts blood from arteries directly to veins. This short circuit of blood flow contributes to progressive expansion of draining veins, resulting in ischaemia, tissue deformation and in some severe cases, congestive heart failure. Various medical interventions have been employed to treat AVM, however, management of which remains a huge challenge because of its high recurrence rate and lethal complications. Thus, understanding the underlying mechanisms of AVM development and progression will help direct discovery and a potential cure. Here, we summarize current findings in the field of extracranial AVMs with the aim to provide insight into their aetiology and molecular influences, in the hope to pave the way for future treatment.

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A Modified Micromechanical Model of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composite Actuation

Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Volume 1 ◽

10.1115/smasis2008-425 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

J. D. Davidson ◽

N. C. Goulbourne

Keyword(s):

Electrostatic Interactions ◽

Micromechanical Model ◽

Metal Composite ◽

Ionic Polymer Metal Composite ◽

Ionic Polymer ◽

Free Air ◽

Transduction Mechanisms ◽

Polymer Metal ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Insight Into

Recent ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) research efforts have been directed at developing optimized electrode configurations, using novel solvents and cations, and modeling the actuation response. A micromechanical model of IPMC actuation has been developed by Nemat-Nasser [1]. In this work a similar approach is taken to model the electrochemomechanical transduction mechanisms in IPMC’s, specifically IPMC’s with ionic liquid as the solvent. An analysis of the electrostatic interactions, which are dominant in determining actuation response, is conducted in order to gain further insight into the mechanisms behind actuation. The ultimate goal of this research is to model the underlying mechanisms of IPMC actuation in order to direct the development of new transducers consisting of novel polymers and solvents. Changes to the actuation model are also implemented to describe free air actuation and to account for the finite volume of the mobile cations. Results are presented from the different calculations and the implications are discussed.

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Intermittent Fasting: Physiological Implications on Outcomes in Mice and Men

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiol.00030.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 185-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ju Hee Lee ◽

Navkiran Verma ◽

Nikita Thakkar ◽

Christy Yeung ◽

Hoon-Ki Sung

Keyword(s):

Animal Studies ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Intermittent Fasting ◽

Systemic Effects ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Dietary Interventions ◽

Positive Health ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽

Insight Into

Intermittent fasting (IF) is a widely practiced dietary method that encompasses periodic restriction of food consumption. Due to its protective benefits against metabolic diseases, aging, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, IF continues to gain attention as a preventative and therapeutic intervention to counteract these chronic diseases. Although numerous animal studies have reported positive health benefits of IF, its feasibility and efficacy in clinical settings remain controversial. Importantly, since dietary interventions such as IF have systemic effects, thoroughly investigating the tissue-specific changes in animal models is crucial to identify IF’s mechanism and evaluate its potential adverse effects in humans. As such, we will review and compare the outcomes and underlying mechanisms of IF in both animal and human studies. Moreover, the limitations of IF and inconsistencies between preclinical and clinical studies will be discussed to provide insight into the gaps between translating research from bench to bedside.

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Unraveling a Tangled Skein: Evolutionary Analysis of the Bacterial Gibberellin Biosynthetic Operon

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00292-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ryan S. Nett ◽

Huy Nguyen ◽

Raimund Nagel ◽

Ariana Marcassa ◽

Trevor C. Charles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Cluster ◽

Genetic Heterogeneity ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Biosynthetic Gene Cluster ◽

Evolutionary Analysis ◽

Biosynthetic Gene ◽

Ancestral Gene ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

Microbe Interactions ◽

Insight Into

ABSTRACT Gibberellin (GA) phytohormones are ubiquitous regulators of growth and developmental processes in vascular plants. The convergent evolution of GA production by plant-associated bacteria, including both symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and phytopathogens, suggests that manipulation of GA signaling is a powerful mechanism for microbes to gain an advantage in these interactions. Although orthologous operons encode GA biosynthetic enzymes in both rhizobia and phytopathogens, notable genetic heterogeneity and scattered operon distribution in these lineages, including loss of the gene for the final biosynthetic step in most rhizobia, suggest varied functions for GA in these distinct plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, deciphering GA operon evolutionary history should provide crucial evidence toward understanding the distinct biological roles for bacterial GA production. To further establish the genetic composition of the GA operon, two operon-associated genes that exhibit limited distribution among rhizobia were biochemically characterized, verifying their roles in GA biosynthesis. This enabled employment of a maximum parsimony ancestral gene block reconstruction algorithm to characterize loss, gain, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of GA operon genes within alphaproteobacterial rhizobia, which exhibit the most heterogeneity among the bacteria containing this biosynthetic gene cluster. Collectively, this evolutionary analysis reveals a complex history for HGT of the entire GA operon, as well as the individual genes therein, and ultimately provides a basis for linking genetic content to bacterial GA functions in diverse plant-microbe interactions, including insight into the subtleties of the coevolving molecular interactions between rhizobia and their leguminous host plants. IMPORTANCE While production of phytohormones by plant-associated microbes has long been appreciated, identification of the gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic operon in plant-associated bacteria has revealed surprising genetic heterogeneity. Notably, this heterogeneity seems to be associated with the lifestyle of the microbe; while the GA operon in phytopathogenic bacteria does not seem to vary to any significant degree, thus enabling production of bioactive GA, symbiotic rhizobia exhibit a number of GA operon gene loss and gain events. This suggests that a unique set of selective pressures are exerted on this biosynthetic gene cluster in rhizobia. Through analysis of the evolutionary history of the GA operon in alphaproteobacterial rhizobia, which display substantial diversity in their GA operon structure and gene content, we provide insight into the effect of lifestyle and host interactions on the production of this phytohormone by plant-associated bacteria.

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