Biophysical Insight into Protein Folding, Aggregate Formation and its Inhibition Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Mohammad Zakariya ◽  
Aiman Zehr ◽  
Rizwan Hasan Khan
Keyword(s):  
Protein Folding ◽  
Amyloid Fibrils ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Aggregate Formation ◽  
Structural Characterisation ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Quality Control Mechanism ◽  
Insight Into

: The failure of protein to correctly fold into its functional and unique three dimensional form leads to misfolded or partially folded protein. When these rogue proteins and polypeptides escape the quality control mechanism within the body, they result in aberrant aggregation of proteins into characteristic amyloid fibrils. This is the main cause for the number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. This review aims to summarise the underlying mechanisms of protein folding, misfolding and aggregation. It also highlights the recent technologies for the structural characterisation and detection of amyloid fibrils in addition to the various factors responsible for the aggregate formation and the strategies to combat the aggregation process. Besides, the journey from origin to the current scenario of protein aggregation is also concisely discussed.

Force and power of flapping plates in a fluid

2012 ◽  
Vol 712 ◽  
pp. 598-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gao-Jin Li ◽  
Xi-Yun Lu
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Vortical Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vortical Structures ◽  
Ring Model ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Physical Insight ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe force and power of flapping plates are studied by vortex dynamic analysis. Based on the dynamic analysis of the numerical results of viscous flow past three-dimensional flapping plates, it is found that the force and power are strongly dominated by the vortical structures close to the body. Further, the dynamics of the flapping plate is investigated in terms of viscous vortex-ring model. It is revealed that the model can reasonably reflect the essential properties of the ring-like vortical structure in the wake, and the energy of the plate transferred to the flow for the formation of each vortical structure possesses a certain relation. Moreover, simplified formulae for the thrust and efficiency are proposed and verified to be reliable by the numerical solutions and experimental measurements of animal locomotion. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight into the understanding of the dynamic mechanisms relevant to flapping locomotion.

Production Methodologies of Meat Analogues: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (02) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
J Girija ◽  
S Kamalasundari ◽  
G Hemalatha ◽  
T Umamaheswari
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
The Body ◽  
Protein Source ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Manufacturing Processes ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Good Source ◽  
Meat Protein ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Meat Analogue

Meat is a non-vegetarian food and is considered as a good source of quality nutrients. Though meat protein provide the required content of good quality protein for the body, they are also associated with higher cholesterol and fat content, which prove to be a leading cause of serious health issues. This became the primary reason for increase in a shift in demands for plant-based protein source foods. The other reason is environmental impact of animal derived products. Meat analogues are plant-based good quality protein source of food that tastes like meat protein, and texture resemble that of meat. These plant-based meat analogues have some amount of anti-nutrients and allergic compounds, but they can be successfully removed by employing certain processing methods and resemble meat in its functionality properties. This approach of mimicking the plantbased foods to resemble meat involves understanding of the biochemical composition and three-dimensional structure of meat, and replicating those qualities using plant-based ingredients. In the current scenario, the best suitable methods of manufacturing meat analogue are by extrusion and structuring techniques. The meat analogues satisfy the need of meat for both vegetarians and non-vegetarians. This review attempts to outline the different manufacturing processes of meat analogue using plant-based foods, and to analyse the best suitable method.

Ultrastructure of feathered triancres in the Thaumastodermatidae and the description of a new species of Tetranchyroderma (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) from Australia

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 729-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Hochberg
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Dorsal Side ◽  
The Body ◽  
Additional Species ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Epidermal Glands ◽  
Insight Into

Tetranchyroderma adeleae sp. nov. is described from North Stradbroke Island, eastern Australia, where it is present in low abundance in the clean, coarse sediments of Cylinder beach. The species is characterized by the presence of epidermal glands on the oral hood and three pairs of dorsolateral cirrata. This is also the first described species of Tetranchyroderma with mixed ancre types that consist of both ordinary triancres and feathered triancres. Ordinary triancres are present on the ventrolateral margins of the body while feathered triancres adorn the dorsal side. Details of the ultrastructure of the cuticle in T. adeleae sp. nov. and a species of Pseudostomella are compared to each other and the cuticle of additional species of Thaumastodermatidae. At the ultrastructural level, feathered triancres are composed of a thickened endocuticular base with three tines (shafts) that give rise to pointed, feather-shaped scales. The structure of the base, tines and scales reveals a finely granular construction without noticeable substructure. The ultrastructure of feathered triancres is similar to that of ordinary triancres and broadly similar to feathered triancres in other species. However, differences are noted in the contour of the feathered scales that are not detected with light microscopy. Future studies of the thaumastodermatid cuticle using scanning electron microscopy are warranted to provide enhanced three-dimensional resolution and insight into their evolution.

scholarly journals The Benefits Of Occlusive Dressings In Wound Healing

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukmawati Tansil Tan ◽  
Nathasia Winarto ◽  
Ricky Dosan ◽  
Putri Bennya Aisyah
Keyword(s):  
Wound Dressing ◽  
Healing Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Wound Management ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Occlusive Dressings ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

There are several types of wounds with their own healing properties. The latest innovation in wound management by using occlusive dressings can prevent infections, improve healing time and patient’s comfort. Occlusive dressings are often used as an immediate wound hygiene control and also prevent blood loss until debridement is performed. They are used to protect wounds and surrounding tissue from pathogens and other harmful materials. A good cover depends on the condition around the wound, the person's skills, and the injury's nature. In this article, we provide an insight into the types of polymer materials used clinically in wound dressing and underlying mechanisms between the biomaterial dressings and the body tissue.

scholarly journals Cisplatin-Induced Rodent Model of Kidney Injury: Characteristics and Challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Perše ◽  
Željka Večerić-Haler
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity ◽  
Dosage Regimens ◽  
Chronic Kidney Injury ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Insight Into

Cisplatin is an antitumor drug used in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies. However, its primary dose-limiting side effect is kidney injury, which is a major clinical concern. To help understand mechanisms involved in the development of kidney injury, cisplatin rodent model has been developed. Given the complex pathogenesis of kidney injury, which involves both local events in the kidney and interconnected and interdependent systemic effects in the body, cisplatin rodent model is indispensable in the investigation of underlying mechanisms and potential treatment strategies of both acute and chronic kidney injury. Cisplatin rodent model is well appreciated and widely used model due to its simplicity. It has many similarities to human cisplatin nephrotoxicity, which are mentioned in the paper. In spite of its simplicity and wide applicability, there are also traps that need to be taken into account when using cisplatin model. The present paper is aimed at giving a concise insight into the complex characteristics of cisplatin rodent model and heterogeneity of cisplatin dosage regimens as well as outlining factors that can severely influence the outcome of the model and the study. Challenges for future research are also mentioned.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Scanning electron microscopy of freeze-fractured prescapular lymph node of caprine

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
O. Faroon ◽  
F. Al-Bagdadi ◽  
T. G. Snider ◽  
C. Titkemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymphatic System ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The Body ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Cellular Constituent ◽  
Scanning Electron

The lymphatic system is very important in the immunological activities of the body. Clinicians confirm the diagnosis of infectious diseases by palpating the involved cutaneous lymph node for changes in size, heat, and consistency. Clinical pathologists diagnose systemic diseases through biopsies of superficial lymph nodes. In many parts of the world the goat is considered as an important source of milk and meat products.The lymphatic system has been studied extensively. These studies lack precise information on the natural morphology of the lymph nodes and their vascular and cellular constituent. This is due to using improper technique for such studies. A few studies used the SEM, conducted by cutting the lymph node with a blade. The morphological data collected by this method are artificial and do not reflect the normal three dimensional surface of the examined area of the lymph node. SEM has been used to study the lymph vessels and lymph nodes of different animals. No information on the cutaneous lymph nodes of the goat has ever been collected using the scanning electron microscope.

Spatial localization of unknown proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum predicts functions

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 84
Author(s):  
Michael D. Jain ◽  
Hisao Nagaya ◽  
Annalyn Gilchrist ◽  
Miroslaw Cygler ◽  
John J.M. Bergeron
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Protein Folding ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Protein Translocation ◽  
Spatial Localization ◽  
Predict Protein Function ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Soluble Fractions ◽  
Er Membrane

Protein synthesis, folding and degradation functions are spatially segregated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with respect to the membrane and the ribosome (rough and smooth ER). Interrogation of a proteomics resource characterizing rough and smooth ER membranes subfractionated into cytosolic, membrane, and soluble fractions gives a spatial map of known proteins involved in ER function. The spatial localization of 224 identified unknown proteins in the ER is predicted to give insight into their function. Here we provide evidence that the proteomics resource accurately predicts the function of new proteins involved in protein synthesis (nudilin), protein translocation across the ER membrane (nicalin), co-translational protein folding (stexin), and distal protein folding in the lumen of the ER (erlin-1, TMX2). Proteomics provides the spatial localization of proteins and can be used to accurately predict protein function.

Socio-Demographic Factors and Health-Related Behaviors Associated with Gerontology

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 359-370
Author(s):  
Dr. Ravi S. Dalawai
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Insight Into

Indian population is in growing trend from 942.2 million in 1994 to 1.36 billion in 2019.Among this six per cent of India's population was of the age 65 and above (UNFPA, 2019). Today the work culture is totally changed. Both husband and wife are forced to work in the current scenario and unable to take care of their parents. The changing structure created increased problems for old age people leads to loneliness, psychological, physical health and financial insecurity. The study paper provides insight into the social and demographic factor and health related sickness of the oldest people. This research explained the cross-sectional study included a representative sample (n=116) of adults aged ≥60 years. The sample was chosen using a four-stage stratified random-cluster survey sampling method .The Chi Square test and ANOVA test was analyzed using SPSS20.

Basic Concepts and Definitions of Allergology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Vrucinic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Reaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Medical Vocabulary ◽  
The Future ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
Basic Insight ◽  
Insight Into

The future of medicine belongs to immunology and alergology. I tried to not be too wide in description, but on the other hand to mention the most important concepts of alergology to make access to these diseases more understandable, logical and more useful for our patients, that without complex pathophysiology and mechanism of immune reaction,we gain some basic insight into immunological principles. The name allergy to medicine was introduced by Pirquet in 1906, and is of Greek origin (allos-other + ergon-act; different reaction), essentially representing the reaction of an organism to a substance that has already been in contact with it, and manifested as a specific response thatmanifests as either a heightened reaction, a hypersensitivity, or as a reduced reaction immunity. Synonyms for hypersensitivity are: altered reactivity, reaction, hypersensitivity. The word sensitization comes from the Latin (sensibilitas, atis, f.), which means sensibility,sensitivity, and has retained that meaning in medical vocabulary, while in immunology and allergology this term implies the creation of hypersensitivity to an antigen. Antigen comes from the Greek words, anti-anti + genos-genus, the opposite, anti-substance substance that causes the body to produce antibodies.

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