scholarly journals “Central Nation-Peripheral Barbarians in Four Directions-Four Seas”: The Geopolitical Order of Land-Sea Interactions of Early Chinese Civilization

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-24
Author(s):  
Chunming Wu
Keyword(s):  
Yellow River ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The West ◽  
Central Plains ◽  
Ancient Civilization ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cultural Pattern ◽  
History Of

AbstractDespite being a coastal country located to the west of the Pacific, ancient China essentially had a continental cultural pattern, with its vision turned toward the mainland, and a geopolitical order of land-sea interactions of ancient civilization centered on the Central Plains (Zhongyuan, 中原) around the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and surrounded by “Peripheral Barbarians in Four Directions” (四方蛮夷) within “Four Seas” (四海). Nevertheless, these peripheral maritime “barbarian” Yi (夷) and Yue (越) and the oversea maritime Fan (番) had been active and developed along the southeast coast of China at the edge of these “Four Directions”. Here they had objectively played an important and indispensable role in the ancient history of Chinese civilization, from the native seafaring tradition of “being good at using boats” in the prehistoric and early historical period to the medieval and late historical “Maritime Silk Road” from Han (汉) to Tang (唐) dynasties.

The Pacific Ocean as Highway to Gold Mountain

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Sinn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean

This chapter takes a broad look at the Pacific Ocean in relation to Chinese migration. As trade, consumption and capital flows followed migrants, powerful networks were woven and sustained; in time, the networks fanned across the Pacific from British Columbia along the West Coast of the United States to New Zealand and Australia. The overlapping personal, family, financial and commercial interests of Chinese in California and those in Hong Kong, which provide the focus of this study, energized the connections and kept the Pacific busy and dynamic while shaping the development of regions far beyond its shores. The ocean turned into a highway for Chinese seeking Gold Mountain, marking a new era in the history of South China, California, and the Pacific Ocean itself.

scholarly journals SOME ASPECTS OF COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH WORKS IN CHINA

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (17) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Yen Kai
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Coastal Engineering ◽  
Pearl River ◽  
Beach Profile ◽  
The West ◽  
Engineering Research ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Continental Part ◽  
The Pearl River

China has a long coastline. Only for the continental part of China, the length of coastline amounts to 18,000 km and, when including the coastline of more than 6,400 islands, an overall length of more than 32,000 km may be counted. As far as the geographical features are concerned, China is characterized by the prevalence of plateau in the west, such as plateau of Tibet and Sinkiang regions and plateau of Yunnan and Kweichow provinces. There are nearly a hundred rivers, the most prominent of which are: the Yangtze River, the Yellow River, the Pearl River etc., flowing from west to east into the Pacific, and carrying about 2,000 million tons of sediment each year to the sea. As a result, silty coasts prevail in the vicinity of estuaries while sandy coasts emerge from a distance away. Generally speaking, the depth of coastal waters is comparatively small, especially along the silty coasts, where the beach profile presents a very gentle slope, varying from 1/50 to 1/500, and in some extreme cases even to 1/2000. Hence the maintenance of water depth in coastal harbours and estuaries has become one of salient problems of coastal engineering in our country.

scholarly journals The Resurgence of Central Asia

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-275
Author(s):  
M. Ehsan Ahrari
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The West ◽  
The Future ◽  
History Of ◽  
Foreign Ministry ◽  
Great Game

As Boris Yeltsin's ruthless suppression of Chechnya's struggle forindependence becomes one more item in a series of turbulent and bloodyevents involving Russia and some of the republics of the former Sovietunion and the former Yugoslavia, Ahmad Rashid's The Resurgence ofCentral Asia: Islam or Nationalism grows in significance for students ofthat region. The author is a Pakistani journalist with a vast knowledge ofthe area. He has utilized effectively his many travels to the region in developingan authoritative history of Central Asia.Rashid shifts gears back and forth in history quite effectively in thisstudy to make his points. For instance, in the first chapter he notes that"much of the world's ancient history originated in Central Asia, for it wasthe birthplace of the great warrior tribes that conquered Russia, India, andChina" (p. 8). Also note his following observation: "Central Asia hasalways been different At the heart of Central Asia is not the story of princesand their courts, but the story of the nomad and his horse" (p. 9). In thesame chapter, he quotes a Turkoman foreign ministry official's concern,expressed to him in the aftermath of the Soviet Union's implosion to theeffect that "the future is extremely bleak. The West will help Russia andother Slav republics to survive, but who will help us?" (p. 4). This book isreplete with such examples. The first chapter contains a condensed versionof the " great game" between the two colonial powers of the eighteenth andnineteenth centuries: Russia and Britain.Russia underwent two major revolutions in the twentieth century: onein 1917 and the second in 1991. The first revolution, bloody as it was, ...

scholarly journals Doubt & Social Policy: The Long History of Malingering in Modern Welfare States

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-393
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Western History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Middle Ages

AbstractThis essay explores the long Western history of anxieties about feigned illness connected specifically to social policy. There is a remarkable consistency of such anxieties across time, as they appear in almost every major historical period in the West since the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Horse Ammunition. From the History of a Saddle

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
Sergey Lukyashko
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The West ◽  
Primitive Form ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Horse Riding ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Large Geographical Area ◽  
History Of ◽  
Burial Mounds

Introduction. Horse ammunition was formed historically on a large geographical area. The most important component of it is a saddle. The ancient history of a saddle is not sufficiently investigated. It should be safely assumed that the oldest forms of seats appear together with the use of a horse for riding. We can confidently say that the appearance of the horsemen of the Cimmerians and Scythians in Western Asia in 8th – 7th centuries BC would not have been possible if there had been no such devices. There is a deep belief that horse riding in Western Asia arose under the Cimmerian-Scythian influence. Methods and materials. The presence of images of horsemen and archaeological material allow us to revisit the issue. Even on the Nimrodical relief we can trace the saddle blanket provided with breeching strap and the girth. This primitive form of soft saddle can be seen on Assyrian reliefs, where it is complemented by a breast collar. Analysis. The well-preserved saddle of the Pazyryk burial mounds, shows that in the 5th century BC a saddle becomes more complicated, paired pillows and hardwood arcs fastening pillows appear. This type of a saddle in the Asian part of the nomadic world survives until the 3rd century BC and is represented in the Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang. In the West, in the Scythian world, a simple coating with mounting straps exists in the 4th century BC, probably in the late 4th century BC, a wooden base – lence and pommels – appears in the Scythian saddle. Results. The archaeological material clearly indicates that a saddle was formed within the culture of Eurasian nomads in the 1st millennium BC, a rigid saddle appeared in the Scythian culture in the late 4th century BC.

Reviews: Mexicans, Mormons, Miners and Manifest Destiny - Walter Sheppe (editor). First Man West. Alexander Mackenzie's Journal of His Voyage to the Pacific Coast of Canada in 1793. (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962; C.U.P., 60s.) pp. viii, 366. - Frederick S. Dellenbaugh, A Canyon Voyage. The Narrative of the Second Powell Expedition down the Green-Colorado Rivers from Wyoming and the Explorations on Land in the Years 1871 to 1872, (with a foreword by William H. Goetzmann). (New Haven & London: Yale Western Americana Paperbound, 1962, 15s.) pp. xxxvi, 267. - John A. Hawgood (editor), First and Last Consul. Thomas Oliver Larkin and the Americanization of California. (San Marino: The Huntington Library, 1962, $5.00.) pp. xxxviii, 123. - Stella M. Drumm (editor), Down the Santa Fe Trail and into Mexico. The Diary of Susan Shelby Magoffin 1846–47, (with a foreword by Howard R. Lamar), (New Haven & London: Yale Western Americana Paperbound, 1962, 15s. ) pp. xxv, 294. - Erwin G. Gudde (editor), Bigler's Chronicle of the West. The Conquest of California, Discovery of Gold, and Mormon Settlements as Reflected in Henry William Bigler's Diaries, (Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1962; C.U.P., 40s. ) pp. xiv, 145. - David M. Potter (editor), Trail to California. The Overland Journal of Vincent Geiger and Wakeman Bryarly. (New Haven & London: Yale Western Americana Paperbound, 1962, 12s. 6d.) pp. xvii, 266. - Robert G. Athearn, Rebel of the Rockies. A History of the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad. (New Haven & London: Yale Western Americana Series, 1963, 72s.) pp. XV, 395.

1964 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
W. D. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Santa Fe ◽  
New Haven ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Santa Fe Trail ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Demographic model and biological adaptation inferred from the genome-wide SNP data reveal tripartite origins of southernmost Chinese Huis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanglin He ◽  
Zhi-Quan Fan ◽  
Xing Zou ◽  
Xiaohui Deng ◽  
Hui-Yuan Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Demographic Model ◽  
Biological Adaptation ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Origins

The culturally unique Sanya Hui (SYH) people are regarded as the descendants of ancient Cham people in Central Vietnam (CV) and exhibit a scenario of complex migration and admixture history, who were likely to first migrate from Central and South Asia (CSA) to CV and then to South Hainan and finally assimilated with indigenous populations and resided in the tropical island environments since then. A long-standing hypothesis posits that SYH derives from different genetic and cultural origins, which hypothesizes that SYH people are different from the genetically attested admixture history of northern Hui people possessing major Han-related ancestry and minor western Eurasian ancestry. However, the effect of the cultural admixture from CSA and East Asia (EA) on the genetic admixture of SYH people remains unclear. Here, we reported the first batch of genome-wide SNP data from 94 SYH people from Hainan and comprehensively characterized their genetic structure, origin, and admixture history. Our results found that SYH people were genetically different from the northern Chinese Hui people and harbored a close genomic affinity with indigenous Vietnamese but a distinct relationship with Cham, which confirmed the hypothesis of documented recent historical migration from CV and assimilation with Hainan indigenous people. The fitted admixture models and reconstructed demographic frameworks revealed an additional influx of CSA and EA ancestries during the historical period, consisting of the frequent cultural communication along the Southern Maritime Silk Road and extensive interaction with EA. Analyses focused on natural-selected signatures of SYH people revealed a similar pattern with mainland East Asians, which further confirmed the possibility of admixture-induced biological adaptation of island environments. Generally, three genetically attested ancestries from CV, EA, and CSA in modern SYH people supported their tripartite model of genomic origins.

A New Model in the Study of Chinese Mythology

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuqing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Development ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The West ◽  
New Model ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cultural Medium ◽  
History Of ◽  
Narrative Forms

Chinese mythology [shenhua 神話] does not exist independently as a cultural medium like mythology does in the West but, rather, comprises ideological and narrative forms that emerge according to historical and cultural trends. Not only have myths withstood humanity’s conquest of nature, but they have drawn and continue to draw on the mysteries of scientific development for new content. It is possible to identify three highpoints of creativity in the history of Chinese mythology, each corresponding to shifts in the function and nuance of myths. The first highpoint occurred very early on in China’s ancient history, in the period of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors [wudi sanwang 五帝三王], when myths were a way to articulate history—that is, history as myth. The second highpoint occurred in the period from the Qin through Jin dynasties, when mythology mainly expounded on philosophy and theory—that is, philosophy as myth. The third highpoint occurred during the Yuan and Ming dynasties, when the narrative content of mythology turned toward the religious—that is, religion as myth.

Pacific Ocean

2012 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Sinn
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Capital Flows ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Chinese Migration

This article takes a broad look at the Pacific Ocean in relation to Chinese migration. As trade, consumption and capital flows followed migrants, powerful networks were woven and sustained; in time, the networks fanned across the Pacific from British Columbia along the West Coast of the United States to New Zealand and Australia. The overlapping personal, family, financial, and commercial interests of Chinese in California and those in Hong Kong, which provide the focus of this study, energized the connections and kept the Pacific busy and dynamic while shaping the development of regions far beyond its shores. The ocean turned into a highway for Chinese seeking Gold Mountain, marking a new era in the history of South China, California, and the Pacific Ocean itself.

scholarly journals THE HUNS AND THE GREAT MIGRATION IN EUROPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
K.T. Zhumagulov ◽  
◽  
R.O. Sadykova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
World History ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Great Migration ◽  
The West ◽  
European Continent ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great Migration

The IV-VII centuries entered the history of Eurasia and Europe as the era of the Great Migration. The current isolation of the Great Migration as a transitional historical period is especially important. It allows not only an investigation of the specific history of the Great Migration as it mostly is in the historical literature but also proves that the Great Migration was a turning point in world history. It started with the Huns’ union of tribes from the depths of Central Asia and culminated with the invasion of the west of the European continent. Since that time we have seen the synthesis and the integration of social relationships, cultures and traditions of tribes and peoples in the Eurasian space.

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