Investigating the Effects of Face Mask and Gender on Interpersonal Distance Judgments

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Mingyue Wang ◽  
Yu-Chi Lee
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Distance Judgments

scholarly journals Social Distance during the COVID-19 Pandemic Reflects Perceived Rather Than Actual Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 5504
Author(s):  
Tina Iachini ◽  
Francesca Frassinetti ◽  
Francesco Ruotolo ◽  
Filomena Leonela Sbordone ◽  
Antonella Ferrara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
Actual Risk ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Related Level

Interpersonal space (IPS) is the area surrounding our own bodies in which we interact comfortably with other individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, keeping larger IPS than usual, along with wearing a face mask, is one of the most effective measures to slow down the COVID-19 outbreak. Here, we explore the contribution of actual and perceived risk of contagion and anxiety levels in regulating our preferred social distance from other people during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. In this study, 1293 individuals from six Italian regions with different levels of actual risk of infection participated in an online survey assessing their perceived risk to be infected, level of anxiety and IPS. Two tasks were adopted as measures of interpersonal distance: the Interpersonal Visual Analogue Scale and a questionnaire evaluating interpersonal distance with and without face mask. The results showed that the IPS regulation was affected by how people subjectively perceived COVID-19 risk and the related level of anxiety, not by actual objective risk. This clarifies that the role of threat in prompting avoidant behaviors expressed in increased IPS does not merely reflect environmental events but rather how they are subjectively experienced and represented.

scholarly journals LIFE IN A BHUMIJ VILLAGE DURING LOCKDOWN: AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Dr. Nizamuddin Ahmed ◽  
Biswajit Goswami ◽  
Swami Tattwasarananda
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Tribal Community ◽  
Indian State ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Bankura District ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

Since midnight of March 25, 2020, India's 1.3 billion people had gone under total lockdown to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and this prolonged countrywide lockdown has a serious impact on the life of the Indian tribes like their income, occupation, social life, personal life etc., as they are the most vulnerable and poor marginalized people of India, having neglected through the ages in every aspect of their life and livelihood. Bhumij tribe is one of them. They mainly reside in the Indian state of Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. Lutia is a typical Bhumij concentrated village in the area of Simlabandh under Hirbandh community development block of Khatra sub-division in the district of Bankura of the Indian state of West Bengal. By maintaining proper social distance and wearing face mask we have taken in-depth interview of 25 villagers of different age group and gender belong to Bhumij tribal community in this village on the various aspects of their day to day life, their education, their health awareness especially about the awareness regarding COVID-19, their culture, religious and supernatural beliefs, etc. by adopting purposive sampling technique method along with tried to know their opinion and views regarding the impact of countrywide lockdown to their daily life. Therefore, in this paper, an attempt has been made to explore their life during the lockdown. KEY WORDS: Bhumij tribe, Life of Bhumij, Lockdown, Covid-19, Lutia Village of Bankura district.

scholarly journals Reduced Perceived Trustworthiness during Face Mask Wearing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1474-1484
Author(s):  
Giulio Gabrieli ◽  
Gianluca Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Experimental Group

To curb the diffusion of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), governments worldwide have introduced different policies, including lockdowns, social distancing, and mandatory mask wearing. Face mask wearing, especially, has an impact on the formation of first impressions, given that when meeting someone for the first time, individuals rely on the only available piece of information, the newly met person’s aesthetic appearance, in order to make initial estimations of other traits, such as competence, intelligence, or trustworthiness. However, face mask wearing affects the aesthetic appearance of an individual, creating uncertainty which, in turn, has been reported to reduce others’ perceived trustworthiness. In this paper, the influence of face mask wearing on strangers’ perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is assessed to verify the impact of this policy on impression formation. Participants (N = 71) have been instructed to assess the trustworthiness and the aesthetic appearance of a selection of 96 images depicting individuals of different ages (children, adults, and older adults), gender (men and women), and ethnicity (Asians or Caucasians). Participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. Participants in the experimental group (N = 38) rated faces of individuals wearing a face mask, while participants in the control group rated the same faces but in the absence of a face mask. Images were presented in random order. For each face, participants were asked to rate the aesthetic appearance and perceived trustworthiness of the stranger on two different 100-point Likert scales. Results demonstrate that (i) the correlation between perceived trustworthiness and aesthetic appearance is not affected by the presence of a face mask, and (ii) age, but not ethnicity and gender, influences the magnitude of differences in perceived trustworthiness levels during mask wearing.

scholarly journals Masked Face Analysis via Multi-Task Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 204
Author(s):  
Vatsa S. Patel ◽  
Zhongliang Nie ◽  
Trung-Nghia Le ◽  
Tam V. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Deep Learning ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Face Analysis ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Deep Learning Model

Face recognition with wearable items has been a challenging task in computer vision and involves the problem of identifying humans wearing a face mask. Masked face analysis via multi-task learning could effectively improve performance in many fields of face analysis. In this paper, we propose a unified framework for predicting the age, gender, and emotions of people wearing face masks. We first construct FGNET-MASK, a masked face dataset for the problem. Then, we propose a multi-task deep learning model to tackle the problem. In particular, the multi-task deep learning model takes the data as inputs and shares their weight to yield predictions of age, expression, and gender for the masked face. Through extensive experiments, the proposed framework has been found to provide a better performance than other existing methods.

scholarly journals Of Masks and Men? Gender, Sex, and Protective Measures during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1052-1062
Author(s):  
Dan Cassino ◽  
Yasemin Besen-Cassino
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Telephone Survey ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Masculine Gender

AbstractSince the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, men have been consistently less likely to report wearing a protective face mask. There are several possible reasons for this difference, including partisanship and gender identity. Using a national live-caller telephone survey that measures gender identity, we show that men's gender identities are strongly related to their views of mask wearing, especially when gender identity is highly salient to the individual. The effects of this interaction of sex and gender are shown to be separate from the effects of partisanship. While partisanship is a significant driver of attitudes about face masks, within partisan groups, men who report “completely” masculine gender identities are very different from their fellow partisans.

scholarly journals A comparison of two different techniques for early correction of Class III malocclusion

2011 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Seehra ◽  
P. S. Fleming ◽  
N. Mandall ◽  
A. T. DiBiase
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Maxillary Incisor ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Class Iii Malocclusion ◽  
Mandibular Incisor ◽  
Lateral Cephalograms ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Retrospective Comparative Study

Abstract Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Reverse Twin-Block therapy (RTB) and protraction face mask treatment (PFM) with respect to an untreated control in the correction of developing Class III malocclusion. Materials and Methods: A retrospective comparative study of subjects treated cases with either PFM (n  =  9) or RTB (n  =  13) and untreated matched controls (n  =  10) was performed. Both the PFM and control group samples were derived from a previously conducted clinical trial, and the RTB group was formed of consecutively treated cases. The main outcome variables assessed were skeletal and dental changes. Lateral cephalograms were taken at the start and end of treatment or during the observation period. Analysis of variance was used to compare changes in cephalometric variables arising during the study period in the lateral group. Linear regression analysis and an unpaired t-test were used to determine the impacts of treatment duration and gender, respectively. Results: Significantly greater skeletal changes arose with PFM therapy than with RTB therapy or in the control group (SNA, SNB, and ANB; P < .001). The dentoalveolar effects of RTB therapy exceeded those of PFM treatment, with significantly more maxillary incisor proclination (P < .001) and mandibular incisor retroclination (P < .006) arising with treatment. Conclusions: Both appliances are capable of correction of Class III dental relationships; however, the relative skeletal and dental contributions differ. Skeletal effects, chiefly anterior maxillary translation, predominated with PFM therapy. The RTB appliance induced Class III correction, primarily as a result of dentoalveolar effects.

scholarly journals Estimation of Cough Peak Flow Using Cough Sounds

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasutaka Umayahara ◽  
Zu Soh ◽  
Kiyokazu Sekikawa ◽  
Toshihiro Kawae ◽  
Akira Otsuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Gender

Cough peak flow (CPF) is a measurement to evaluate the risk of cough dysfunction and can be measured using various devices, such as spirometers. However, complex device setup and the face mask required to be firmly attached to the mouth impose burdens on both patients and their caregivers. Therefore, this study develops a novel cough strength evaluation method using cough sounds. This paper presents an exponential model to estimate CPF from the cough peak sound pressure level (CPSL). We investigated the relationship between cough sounds and cough flows and the effects of a measurement condition of cough sound, microphone type, and participant’s height and gender on CPF estimation accuracy. The results confirmed that the proposed model estimated CPF with a high accuracy. The absolute error between CPFs and estimated CPFs were significantly lower when the microphone distance from the participant’s mouth was within 30 cm than when the distance exceeded 30 cm. Analysis of the model parameters showed that the estimation accuracy was not affected by participant’s height or gender. These results indicate that the proposed model has the potential to improve the feasibility of measuring and assessing CPF.

scholarly journals Beware of virus! Wearing a face mask against COVID-19 results in a reduction of social distancing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Cartaud ◽  
François Quesque ◽  
Yann Coello
Keyword(s):  
Face Mask ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Interpersonal Distance ◽  
General Requirement ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Virtual Character ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Emotional Dimensions

In the context of Covid-19 pandemic, barrier gestures such as regular hand washing, social distancing, and wearing face mask are highly recommended. Critically, interpersonal distances depend on the physical and emotional dimensions involved in social interaction, two factors that might be affected by the current Covid-19 context. In the present internet-based experimental study, we analyzed the preferred interpersonal distance of 461 participants, when facing a virtual character either wearing a face mask or displaying a neutral, happy or angry facial expression. The results showed that interpersonal distance is significantly reduced when the characters wear a face mask compared to other conditions. Importantly, it was also reduced in participants already infected with Covid-19, or living in a low-risk area. The present findings are of dramatic importance as they indicate that the general requirement to wear a mask in social contexts can have deleterious effects, interfering with social distancing recommendations.

scholarly journals Comparison Between Tidal Volume and Vital Capacity Breathing Techniques of Preoxygenation in Patients with Ineffective Facemask Seal

Esculapio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4 (oct 2020 - dec 2020)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farah Arshad ◽  
Hina Nabi ◽  
Fareeda Sohail ◽  
Anum Anwar ◽  
Zulqarnain Butt
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Oxygen Desaturation ◽  
Oxygen Flow ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Breathing Techniques ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Tidal Volume Breathing

Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the mean hemoglobin oxygen de-saturation time by using tidal volume breathing technique for three minutes and eight vital capacity breathing technique for pre- oxygenation in patients with ineffective face mask seal. Methods: This study included 60 patients with beard, moustache, large nasal bridge, facial anomalies, nasogastric tube and edentulous patients. They were randomized into 2 groups after achieving documented informed consent. Group-A was preoxygenated with TV breathing technique for three minutes at an oxygen flow of 10 litres per minute. Whereas, Group-B was preoxygenated with eight VC breaths for one minute at an oxygen flow of 10 litres per minute. Results: The age of the participants varied from 22 years to 65 years with an average of 44.63±10.03 years. There were 29(48.3%) male and 31(51.7%) female patients in the research group. Both the groups were comparable in respect of mean age (p=0.839) and gender distribution (p=0.796). The mean hemoglobin oxygen desaturation time was considerably longer in VC breathing group (6.77±1.10 vs. 3.43±.50 minutes; p=0.000) in contrast to TV breathing group regardless of age and gender of patients. Conclusion: The mean hemoglobin oxygen desaturation time was substancially longer in vital capacity breathing group (6.77±1.10 vs. 3.43±.50 minutes; p=0.000) in contrast to tidal volume breathing group regardless of patient's age and gender in patients with ineffective face mask seal undergoing elective surgery. Key Words: Ineffective Face Mask Seal, Preoxygenation Breathing Techniques, Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume, Mean Hemoglobin Oxygen Desaturation Time How to Cite: Arshad F. Nabi H, Sohail F, Anwar A, Aijaz B,Butt Z. Comparison between tidal volume and vital capacity breathing techniques of preoxygenation in patients with ineffective face mask seal. Esculapio.2020;16(04):46-49.

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