scholarly journals France: Credit Control and Formalization of Banking Supervision

2021 ◽  
pp. 113-124
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Supervisory System ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Minimum Capital Requirement ◽  
Vichy Regime ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe banking supervision in France was formalized with the Banking Acts of 1941 and of 1945. In 1941, the Banking Control Commission as the supervisory agency was created, and rigid financial regulation such as a minimum capital requirement and a separation of banking types was introduced. In connection to the 1941 Act, the four largest commercial banks in France were also nationalized. However, with the German occupation and the wartime situation, the formalization of banking supervision was only completed with the Banking Act of 1945. The essential contents of the 1941 Act were upheld, but the supervisory agency was given a lot of measures to enforce bank regulation. Especially, authorization of rigid penalties enhanced effectiveness of supervisory activities. The main drivers of the formalization of banking supervision in France were the policy measures undertaken during the Vichy regime and the Liberation Government's measures. In the post-Second World War era, the banking supervisory system was used mainly to enforce credit control policy actions, in a period of economic recovery and reconstruction. The banking act of January 1984 decompartmentalized the banking system and changed the institutions of supervision.

scholarly journals Belgium: Formalization and Incremental Development of a Supervisor with Increasing Powers and Authority

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
Eiji Hotori ◽  
Mikael Wendschlag ◽  
Thibaud Giddey
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Financing Policy ◽  
Supervisory System ◽  
Incremental Development ◽  
State Financing ◽  
Similar Basis ◽  
Financial Groups ◽  
Second World

AbstractThe formalization process of Belgian banking supervision provides an interesting case. Mixed international influences as well as major domestic reforms influenced the direction of formalizing the supervisory system. It began in the middle of the 1930s as a consequence of the economic and financial crisis at the beginning of the decade. The reforms undertaken in 1934 and 1935 transformed the Belgian banking system from a free and unrestricted market, featuring very influential financial groups operating universal banking, to a supervised and more specialized banking system. However, based on our understanding of “formalization,” the process was not completed until the mid-1970s, because newly created formal supervision agency—the Banking Commission—initially functioned with very little resources and powers on a similar basis as its Swiss equivalent. In the post-Second World War era, the Belgian banking supervisor developed significantly, and its influence reached beyond mere prudential supervision. By the mid-1970s, the Banking Commission got involved in monetary and state financing policy, and the agency obtained the supervision of additional financial institutions.

Problems and prospects for the Russian banking supervision development in modern conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1283-1296
Author(s):  
K.A. Omarieva ◽  
P.G. Isaeva
Keyword(s):  
Banking System ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Monetary System ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Document Flow ◽  
Development Methods ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Development Prospects

Subject. The article addresses problems and prospects for the banking supervision development in the Russian Federation under modern conditions. Objectives. We review the essence and methods of organization of the banking supervision, and identify the main problems and prospects for its development. Methods. To provide valid, reliable and reasoned recommendations, we apply normative and integrated approaches to the study of the banking supervision effectiveness in the current circumstances. Results. The paper investigates main problems and development prospects for the Russian banking supervision. The essential importance of supervision comes from the main role of the banking system in maintaining accounts of economic entities and making settlements. Even minor failures or delays in operations can lead to negative outcomes and disastrous consequences for the entire monetary system and the national economy. Therefore, we highlight issues that require attention, and make proposals for further development of the banking supervision. Conclusions. In the context of dynamically developing economy, the banking practice is becoming more complex. As a result, there is a need for new financial instruments that can reduce risks, increase the speed and efficiency of operations and document flow, and help achieve the world levels of introduced standards.

scholarly journals A Tocqueville For the North? André Siegfried and Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
French Canada ◽  
The North ◽  
Vichy Regime ◽  
The Face ◽  
A Site ◽  
French National Identity ◽  
Second World

Abstract This paper argues that André Siegfried’s writings on Canada played a critical role in shaping his vision of French national identity. Siegfried’s studies of Canada have long been praised for their insight, but recent scholarship has emphasized his role in promoting both anti-Americanism and an exclusionary vision of what it meant to be French during the first half of the twentieth century. For Siegfried, Canada represented a site of managed contestation between British and French culture but also an early example of the deleterious effects of Americanization. His problematic view of French Canada as essentially conservative and unchanging in the face of such challenges reinforced his conviction that France itself should remain true to “traditional” values. The exclusionary implications of his ideas were most evident when Siegfried appeared to accommodate himself to the Vichy regime, but they also persisted after the Second World War.

scholarly journals Credit procyclicality and financial regulation in South Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-478
Author(s):  
James Bernstein ◽  
Leroi Raputsoana ◽  
Eric Schaling
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Expansion Phase ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Common Reference ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
The Relationship

This study assesses the behaviour of credit extension over the business cycle in South Africa for the period 2000 to 2012. This is motivated by the proposal of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to look at credit extension over the business cycle as a reference guide for implementing countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. The study finds that credit extension in South increases during the trough phase, while the relationship between credit extension and the business cycle becomes insignificant during the peak phase. The study also finds that credit extension decreases during the expansion phase, while it increases during the contraction phase. Thus we do not find any evidence of procyclical behaviour of credit extension in South Africa, and the latter should therefore be used with caution and not as a mechanical rule based common reference guide for countercyclical capital buffers for financial institutions. 

„Qualitative“ Bankenaufsicht – „Königsweg“ der Regulierung?

2000 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Paul
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Banking Regulation ◽  
Capital Requirements ◽  
Capital Adequacy ◽  
First Century ◽  
Bank Risk ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Minimum Capital ◽  
Proposal A

Abstract Banking regulation in the twenty-first century is at the crossroads. The article discusses the question whether the supervisory review of bank risk management systems is superior to the minimum capital requirements in traditional style. It points out the serious problems of both ways - especially the first one, which was preferred by the Basle Committee of Banking Supervision in its proposal ,,A new capital adequacy framework`` (June 1999).

scholarly journals Echoes of the Infernal Machine: 1940s French and English Literature of Resistance and Collaboration as a Revolution in the Mythic Imagination

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-246
Author(s):  
Tadd Graham Fernée
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Vichy Regime ◽  
French And English ◽  
Under The Volcano ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World ◽  
Mythic Imagination

This article comparatively examines French and English literature based on two novels published in 1947, Malcolm Lowry’s Under the Volcano and Jean-Louis Curtis’ The Forests of Night. Both novels employ the mythic device to construct narratives on the twilight of the British Empire and the German occupied French Vichy regime, respectively, depicting experiences of resistance and collaboration on the eve of and during the Second World War. Both invent a system of symbolic imagery modelled on the Surrealist template in Jean Cocteau’s The Infernal Machine, that turns the classical mythic device still prevalent in the early 20th century (i.e. in Joyce or Eliot) upside down. The revolution in Mythic Imagination follows the Structuralist Revolution initiated by Durkheim, Saussure and Bachelard, evacuating fixed ontological architecture to portray relational interdependency without essence. These novels pursue overlapping ethical investigations, on “non-interventionism” in Lowry and “fraternity” in Curtis. The novels raise questions about the relation between colonialism and fascism and the impact of non-Western mythic universes (i.e. Hinduism) upon the Mythic Imagination. They have implications for our understanding of gender relations, as well as the value of political activism and progress.

scholarly journals Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): An Elixir for Socioeconomic Development in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunday Israel Akinde
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
And Control

Nigeria appears too slow in harnessing domestic resources towards meeting her socioeconomic needs. However, CSR has been found in several contexts as important means of realizing much–needed expectations of development. Nigeria is currently at the level of perceiving CSR merely as one-off philanthropic thing focusing merely on environmental protection. This study employs various means such as success stories of others, methods adopted for realization of vibrant CSR initiative in their own experience, and some time-tested examples of road map towards international best practices in order to arouse the curiosity of policy makers in Nigeria. The study identified certain structural- functional elements working in tandem for effective realization of CSR in Nigeria. These include Synergy of CSR and Corporate Governance (CG), a viable CSR organization, and institutionalization or culture of monitoring and control. Policy measures recommended include creating CSR into an agency or commission for effective take-off.

scholarly journals Bank Stability Measures in Dual Banking System: A Critical Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Norzitah Abdul Karim ◽  
Amirul Afiff Muhamat ◽  
Azreen Roslan ◽  
Sharifah Faigah Syed Alwi ◽  
Mohamad Nizam Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Banking Supervision ◽  
Basel Committee ◽  
System A ◽  
Overall Stability ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Banking Stability ◽  
Definition Of

The 2007-2009 Global Financial Crisis showed that despite reported as ‘healthy’ financial institution prior to crisis had indeed suffered many problems including liquidity during the crisis. Thus, there is confusion on the healthy financial institutions, leading to loss of confidence on the overall stability of the banking system. Thus, there is an urgent need to review the current measures of financial as well as banking stability. This paper aims to look at the definition of ‘stability’ used in the academic researches and by different regulatory bodies, like International Monetary Fund, Basel Committee for Banking Supervision (BCBS) and central banks in selected countries with dual banking systems. It is then, critically review indicators used as measures of financial as well as banking stability. This review is hope to identify areas of strengths as well as weaknesses of the current measures of stability and serves as foundation for further research in future.

Trade and Industrial Policy for Development

2016 ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Thoburn
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Washington Consensus ◽  
World War ◽  
Policy Measures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World

This chapter looks at policies for industrialization in developing countries, considering changes that have taken place since the Second World War, including the rise and subsequent demise of the so-called Washington Consensus approach. It discusses import substituting industrialization, export development, trade liberalization and the impact of post-2000 new WTO rules on trade-related policy measures. It shows how the East Asian model of substantial government intervention in the economy has been followed by a number of successful countries, not just Japan, Korea and Taiwan, but also China and Vietnam.

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