The brain diseases causing senile dementia

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of a novel disease, subsequently named after him. However, his wide range of interests also included vascular brain diseases. He described Senile dementia, a highly heterogeneous condition, and was able not only to distinguish it from syphilitic brain disease, but also to discriminate two clinicopathological subtypes, that may be labeled a "arteriosclerotic subtype", comparable to the present clinicopathological continuum of "Vascular cognitive impairment", and another as a "neurodegenerative subtype", characterized by primary [cortical] ganglion cell [nerve cells] degeneration, possibly foreshadowing a peculiar presenile disease that he was to describe some years later and would carry his name. He also considered the possibility of a senile presentation of this disease subtype, which was described by Oskar Fischer a short time later. Considering the clinicopathological overlapping features of the "arteriosclerotic subtype" of Senile dementia with Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain, it might be possible to consider that both represent a single condition.

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Alzheimer and vascular brain diseases: Focal and diffuse subforms

Dementia & Neuropsychologia ◽

10.1590/1980-57642015dn93000015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 306-310

Author(s):

Eliasz Engelhardt ◽

Lea T. Grinberg

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Neurodegenerative Disease ◽

Senile Dementia ◽

Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽

Behavioral Changes ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Alois Alzheimer ◽

The Brain ◽

Present Characteristic

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of the pre-senile neurodegenerative disease named after him. However, his previous interest in vascular brain diseases, underlying cognitive and behavioral changes, was very strong. Besides describing the Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain and the arteriosclerotic subtype of Senile dementia which he viewed as main forms of vascular brain diseases, he also identified and described a series of conditions he considered subforms. These may be divided, as suggested by the authors of the present paper, into 3 groups: gliosis and sclerosis, subcortical atrophies, and apoplectic. The subforms of the three groups present characteristic neuropathological features and clinical, cognitive and behavioral manifestations. These provide the basis, together with part of the main forms, for the contemporary condition known as Vascular Cognitive Impairment.

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A new method to predict anomaly in brain network based on graph deep learning

Reviews in the Neurosciences ◽

10.1515/revneuro-2019-0108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (6) ◽

pp. 681-689

Author(s):

Jalal Mirakhorli ◽

Hamidreza Amindavar ◽

Mojgan Mirakhorli

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Large Scale ◽

Brain Plasticity ◽

Brain Network ◽

High Order ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Simultaneous Occurrence ◽

Generative Adversarial Network ◽

The Brain ◽

Brain Connections

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging a neuroimaging technique which is used in brain disorders and dysfunction studies, has been improved in recent years by mapping the topology of the brain connections, named connectopic mapping. Based on the fact that healthy and unhealthy brain regions and functions differ slightly, studying the complex topology of the functional and structural networks in the human brain is too complicated considering the growth of evaluation measures. One of the applications of irregular graph deep learning is to analyze the human cognitive functions related to the gene expression and related distributed spatial patterns. Since a variety of brain solutions can be dynamically held in the neuronal networks of the brain with different activity patterns and functional connectivity, both node-centric and graph-centric tasks are involved in this application. In this study, we used an individual generative model and high order graph analysis for the region of interest recognition areas of the brain with abnormal connection during performing certain tasks and resting-state or decompose irregular observations. Accordingly, a high order framework of Variational Graph Autoencoder with a Gaussian distributer was proposed in the paper to analyze the functional data in brain imaging studies in which Generative Adversarial Network is employed for optimizing the latent space in the process of learning strong non-rigid graphs among large scale data. Furthermore, the possible modes of correlations were distinguished in abnormal brain connections. Our goal was to find the degree of correlation between the affected regions and their simultaneous occurrence over time. We can take advantage of this to diagnose brain diseases or show the ability of the nervous system to modify brain topology at all angles and brain plasticity according to input stimuli. In this study, we particularly focused on Alzheimer’s disease.

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Genomic Mosaicism Formed by Somatic Variation in the Aging and Diseased Brain

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12071071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1071

Author(s):

Isabel Costantino ◽

Juliet Nicodemus ◽

Jerold Chun

Keyword(s):

Dna Sequence ◽

Technology Development ◽

Copy Number Variations ◽

Brain Cell ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Multiple Forms ◽

Somatic Variation ◽

Dna Content Variation ◽

Effects Of Aging ◽

The Brain

Over the past 20 years, analyses of single brain cell genomes have revealed that the brain is composed of cells with myriad distinct genomes: the brain is a genomic mosaic, generated by a host of DNA sequence-altering processes that occur somatically and do not affect the germline. As such, these sequence changes are not heritable. Some processes appear to occur during neurogenesis, when cells are mitotic, whereas others may also function in post-mitotic cells. Here, we review multiple forms of DNA sequence alterations that have now been documented: aneuploidies and aneusomies, smaller copy number variations (CNVs), somatic repeat expansions, retrotransposons, genomic cDNAs (gencDNAs) associated with somatic gene recombination (SGR), and single nucleotide variations (SNVs). A catch-all term of DNA content variation (DCV) has also been used to describe the overall phenomenon, which can include multiple forms within a single cell’s genome. A requisite step in the analyses of genomic mosaicism is ongoing technology development, which is also discussed. Genomic mosaicism alters one of the most stable biological molecules, DNA, which may have many repercussions, ranging from normal functions including effects of aging, to creating dysfunction that occurs in neurodegenerative and other brain diseases, most of which show sporadic presentation, unlinked to causal, heritable genes.

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In vivo exploration of brain phosphorus 31 metabolism in patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1017/s092493380000184x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 105-109

Author(s):

G Mecheri ◽

Y Bissuel ◽

J Dalery ◽

JL Terra ◽

G Balvay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Senile Dementia ◽

Phospholipid Metabolism ◽

Alzheimer Type ◽

Dementia Of Alzheimer Type ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Brain

SummaryIn vivo NMR 31p spectroscopy is a non invasive, non ionizing method of exploration of energy and phospholipid metabolism in the brain. This study consisted of comparing 31p spectra in five patients with Senile Dementia of Alzheimer Type (SDAT) with those of four controls of similar ages. Abnormal phosphonionocsters (PME) concentrations, either high or low, were found in the patients, but statistical analysis did not elicit any significant difference relative to controls.

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The brain timewise: how timing shapes and supports brain function

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.2014.0170 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 370 (1668) ◽

pp. 20140170 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

Riitta Hari ◽

Lauri Parkkonen

Keyword(s):

Human Brain ◽

Brain Imaging ◽

Brain Function ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Generative Models ◽

Network Activity ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Specific Information ◽

Non Invasive ◽

The Brain

We discuss the importance of timing in brain function: how temporal dynamics of the world has left its traces in the brain during evolution and how we can monitor the dynamics of the human brain with non-invasive measurements. Accurate timing is important for the interplay of neurons, neuronal circuitries, brain areas and human individuals. In the human brain, multiple temporal integration windows are hierarchically organized, with temporal scales ranging from microseconds to tens and hundreds of milliseconds for perceptual, motor and cognitive functions, and up to minutes, hours and even months for hormonal and mood changes. Accurate timing is impaired in several brain diseases. From the current repertoire of non-invasive brain imaging methods, only magnetoencephalography (MEG) and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) provide millisecond time-resolution; our focus in this paper is on MEG. Since the introduction of high-density whole-scalp MEG/EEG coverage in the 1990s, the instrumentation has not changed drastically; yet, novel data analyses are advancing the field rapidly by shifting the focus from the mere pinpointing of activity hotspots to seeking stimulus- or task-specific information and to characterizing functional networks. During the next decades, we can expect increased spatial resolution and accuracy of the time-resolved brain imaging and better understanding of brain function, especially its temporal constraints, with the development of novel instrumentation and finer-grained, physiologically inspired generative models of local and network activity. Merging both spatial and temporal information with increasing accuracy and carrying out recordings in naturalistic conditions, including social interaction, will bring much new information about human brain function.

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Lipid Composition in Different Regions of the Brain in Alzheimer's Disease/Senile Dementia of Alzheimer's Type

Journal of Neurochemistry ◽

10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb10994.x ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 59 (5) ◽

pp. 1646-1653 ◽

Cited By ~ 135

Author(s):

M. SoOderberg ◽

C. Edlund ◽

I. Alafuzoff ◽

K. Kristensson ◽

G. Dallner

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Lipid Composition ◽

Senile Dementia ◽

Dementia Of Alzheimer’S Type ◽

The Brain

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Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid in the Brain Gliovascular Unit: Prospective Targets in Therapy

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13030334 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 334

Author(s):

Huilong Luo ◽

Xavier Declèves ◽

Salvatore Cisternino

Keyword(s):

Transient Receptor Potential ◽

Receptor Potential ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid ◽

Main Role ◽

Trpv Channels ◽

Gliovascular Unit ◽

Transient Receptor ◽

The Brain

The gliovascular unit (GVU) is composed of the brain microvascular endothelial cells forming blood–brain barrier and the neighboring surrounding “mural” cells (e.g., pericytes) and astrocytes. Modulation of the GVU/BBB features could be observed in a variety of vascular, immunologic, neuro-psychiatric diseases, and cancers, which can disrupt the brain homeostasis. Ca2+ dynamics have been regarded as a major factor in determining BBB/GVU properties, and previous studies have demonstrated the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels in modulating Ca2+ and BBB/GVU properties. The physiological role of thermosensitive TRPV channels in the BBB/GVU, as well as their possible therapeutic potential as targets in treating brain diseases via preserving the BBB are reviewed. TRPV2 and TRPV4 are the most abundant isoforms in the human BBB, and TRPV2 was evidenced to play a main role in regulating human BBB integrity. Interspecies differences in TRPV2 and TRPV4 BBB expression complicate further preclinical validation. More studies are still needed to better establish the physiopathological TRPV roles such as in astrocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes. The effect of the chronic TRPV modulation should also deserve further studies to evaluate their benefit and innocuity in vivo.

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PHENOMENOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE OF A MIND AND OPERATIONAL ARCHITECTONICS OF THE BRAIN: THE UNIFIED METASTABLE CONTINUUM

New Mathematics and Natural Computation ◽

10.1142/s1793005709001258 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 05 (01) ◽

pp. 221-244 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

ANDREW A. FINGELKURTS ◽

ALEXANDER A. FINGELKURTS ◽

CARLOS F. H. NEVES

Keyword(s):

Distributed Computing ◽

Brain Activity ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Machine Consciousness ◽

Self Organized ◽

Conscious Level ◽

The Brain ◽

Activity Organization

In our contribution we will observe phenomenal architecture of a mind and operational architectonics of the brain and will show their intimate connectedness within a single integrated metastable continuum. The notion of operation of different complexity is the fundamental and central one in bridging the gap between brain and mind: it is precisely by means of this notion that it is possible to identify what at the same time belongs to the phenomenal conscious level and to the neurophysiological level of brain activity organization, and what mediates between them. Implications for linguistic semantics, self-organized distributed computing algorithms, artificial machine consciousness, and diagnosis of dynamic brain diseases will be discussed briefly.

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