scholarly journals Alzheimer and vascular brain diseases: Focal and diffuse subforms

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-310
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Lea T. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Present Characteristic

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of the pre-senile neurodegenerative disease named after him. However, his previous interest in vascular brain diseases, underlying cognitive and behavioral changes, was very strong. Besides describing the Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain and the arteriosclerotic subtype of Senile dementia which he viewed as main forms of vascular brain diseases, he also identified and described a series of conditions he considered subforms. These may be divided, as suggested by the authors of the present paper, into 3 groups: gliosis and sclerosis, subcortical atrophies, and apoplectic. The subforms of the three groups present characteristic neuropathological features and clinical, cognitive and behavioral manifestations. These provide the basis, together with part of the main forms, for the contemporary condition known as Vascular Cognitive Impairment.

scholarly journals Alzheimer and vascular brain disease: Senile dementia

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Lea T. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Disease ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Heterogeneous Condition ◽  
Disease Subtype ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Brain

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of a novel disease, subsequently named after him. However, his wide range of interests also included vascular brain diseases. He described Senile dementia, a highly heterogeneous condition, and was able not only to distinguish it from syphilitic brain disease, but also to discriminate two clinicopathological subtypes, that may be labeled a "arteriosclerotic subtype", comparable to the present clinicopathological continuum of "Vascular cognitive impairment", and another as a "neurodegenerative subtype", characterized by primary [cortical] ganglion cell [nerve cells] degeneration, possibly foreshadowing a peculiar presenile disease that he was to describe some years later and would carry his name. He also considered the possibility of a senile presentation of this disease subtype, which was described by Oskar Fischer a short time later. Considering the clinicopathological overlapping features of the "arteriosclerotic subtype" of Senile dementia with Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain, it might be possible to consider that both represent a single condition.

scholarly journals Alois Alzheimer and vascular brain disease: Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eliasz Engelhardt ◽  
Lea T. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Present State ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Demented Patient ◽  
Neurofibrillary Changes ◽  
Alois Alzheimer ◽  
The Brain

Alois Alzheimer is best known for his description of neurofibrillary changes in brain neurons of a demented patient, identifying a novel disease, soon named after him by Kraepelin. However, the range of his studies was broad, including vascular brain diseases, published between 1894 and 1902. Alzheimer described the clinical picture of Arteriosclerotic atrophy of the brain, differentiating it from other similar disorders. He stated that autopsy allowed pathological distinction between arteriosclerosis and syphilis, thereby achieving some of his objectives of segregating disorders and separating them from syphilis. His studies contributed greatly to establishing the key information on vascular brain diseases, predating the present state of knowledge on the issue, while providing early descriptions of what would be later regarded as the dimensional presentation of the now called "Vascular cognitive impairment", constituted by a spectrum that includes a stage of "Vascular cognitive impairment not dementia" and another of "Vascular dementia".

The Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI)

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sali M. K. Farhan ◽  
Robert Bartha ◽  
Sandra E. Black ◽  
Dale Corbett ◽  
Elizabeth Finger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Correlative Analysis ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Research Initiative ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

AbstractBecause individuals develop dementia as a manifestation of neurodegenerative or neurovascular disorder, there is a need to develop reliable approaches to their identification. We are undertaking an observational study (Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative [ONDRI]) that includes genomics, neuroimaging, and assessments of cognition as well as language, speech, gait, retinal imaging, and eye tracking. Disorders studied include Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and vascular cognitive impairment. Data from ONDRI will be collected into the Brain-CODE database to facilitate correlative analysis. ONDRI will provide a repertoire of endophenotyped individuals that will be a unique, publicly available resource.

scholarly journals Disturbance of Intracerebral Fluid Clearance and Blood–Brain Barrier in Vascular Cognitive Impairment

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Ueno ◽  
Yoichi Chiba ◽  
Ryuta Murakami ◽  
Koichi Matsumoto ◽  
Ryuji Fujihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Dysfunction ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
The Other ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Brain

The entry of blood-borne macromolecular substances into the brain parenchyma from cerebral vessels is blocked by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. Accordingly, increased permeability of the vessels induced by insult noted in patients suffering from vascular dementia likely contributes to the cognitive impairment. On the other hand, blood-borne substances can enter extracellular spaces of the brain via endothelial cells at specific sites without the BBB, and can move to brain parenchyma, such as the hippocampus and periventricular areas, adjacent to specific sites, indicating the contribution of increased permeability of vessels in the specific sites to brain function. It is necessary to consider influx and efflux of interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in considering effects of brain transfer of intravascular substances on brain function. Two pathways of ISF and CSF are recently being established. One is the intramural peri-arterial drainage (IPAD) pathway of ISF. The other is the glymphatic system of CSF. Dysfunction of the two pathways could also contribute to brain dysfunction. We review the effects of several kinds of insult on vascular permeability and the failure of fluid clearance on the brain function.

scholarly journals Chemerin-induced macrophages pyroptosis in fetal brain tissue leads to cognitive disorder in offspring of diabetic dams

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoxia Liang ◽  
Luyang Han ◽  
Dianjianyi Sun ◽  
Yanmin Chen ◽  
Qi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Cavity ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Diabetes In Pregnancy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
In Pregnancy ◽  
Brain Tissues

Abstract Background Chemerin is highly expressed in the serum, placenta tissue, and umbilical cord blood of diabetic mother; however, the impact of chemerin on cognitive disorders of offspring from mothers with diabetes in pregnancy remains unclear. Methods A diabetic phenotype in pregnant mice dams was induced by streptozocin (STZ) injection or intraperitoneal injection of chemerin. Behavioral changes in offspring of diabetic dams and nondiabetic controls were assessed, and changes in chemerin, two receptors of chemerin [chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor-like 2 (CCRL2)], macrophages, and neurons in the brain tissue were studied to reveal the underlying mechanism of the behavioral changes. Results Chemerin treatment mimicked the STZ-induced symptom of maternal diabetes in mice along with the altered behavior of offspring in the open field test (OFT) assay. In the exploring process for potential mechanism, the brain tissues of offspring from chemerin-treated dams were observed with an increase level of macrophage infiltration and a decrease number of neuron cells. Moreover, an increased level of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) and apoptosis-associated speck-like (Asc) protein as well as pyroptosis [characterized by increased active caspase-1 content and secretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 1 beta (IL-1β) and IL-18] more activated in macrophages is also observed in the brain of these diabetic dam’s offspring, in the presence of ChemR23. In vitro, it was found that pyroptosis activation was increased in macrophages separated from the abdominal cavity of normal mice, after chemerin treatment. However, depletion of CCRL2 decreased the level of chemerin in the brain tissues of diabetic dams’ offspring; depletion of ChemR23 decreased macrophage pyroptosis, and depletion of either receptor reversed chemerin-mediated neurodevelopmental deficits and cognitive impairment of offspring of diabetic pregnant dams. Conclusions Chemerin induced diabetic pregnant disease and CCRL2 were required to enrich chemerin in the brain of offspring. Aggregation of chemerin could lead to macrophage recruitment, activation of pyroptosis, the release of inflammatory cytokines, a decrease in the number of neurons, and cognitive impairment in offspring in a ChemR23-dependent manner. Targeting CCRL2 and/or ChemR23 could be useful for treating neuropsychological deficits in offspring of dams with diabetes in pregnancy.

scholarly journals Lipid Metabolism in the Development and Progression of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Qin ◽  
Yunsi Yin ◽  
Yi Xing ◽  
Xuan Wang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Lipid Biomarkers ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Background: Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a major public health problem. The current diagnosis of VCI is made based on the assessment of clinical symptoms and neuropsychological measurements, and is supported by neuroimaging. These methods are both time-consuming and expensive, which leads to needs for alternative biomarkers for VCI. Metabolomics is an emerging and powerful tool to discover of new biomarkers of disease, which can investigate variations in different metabolic processes such as lipid, since the brain is highly enriched in lipids and that lipid changes may lead to pathology in the brain. Vascular cognitive impairment is vulnerable to the disturbance of lipid metabolism. Furthermore, blood samples, which could be identified as reliable clinical biomarkers are relatively convenient to obtain and provide a non-invasive assessment. Therefore, our study aims to understand whether peripheral lipid biomarkers can be used as diagnostic biomarkers and monitor the progression of VCI.Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and VIP databases to find VCI and lipid metabolism in reports from inception through February 2021. Studies meeting the following criteria were eligible: (1) original studies in humans; (2) lipid metabolites in blood; (3) reports of VCI.Results: Through our review, nine original articles were eligible. Blood-based metabolites that might be potential biomarkers were identified. Most of them including PC, PE, Cers, and ChEs were significantly lower, while elevation of FAs and DGs were associated with VCI. Most importantly, these blood-based metabolites might be proposed as potential biomarkers for VCI, which provides direction for further validation.Discussion and Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first systemic review concerning the relationship of lipid metabolism and VCI. It identifies potential biomarkers and provides insights into the disease pathobiology. However, more advanced studies and researches on a lipidomic platform must be done to understand the exact pathology behind and identify potential lipid biomarkers, which might help achieve the goal of discovering novel therapeutics.

scholarly journals Role of age-related alterations of the cerebral venous circulation in the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 (5) ◽  
pp. H1124-H1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor A. Fulop ◽  
Stefano Tarantini ◽  
Andriy Yabluchanskiy ◽  
Andrea Molnar ◽  
Calin I. Prodan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cerebral Veins ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Low Velocity ◽  
Venous Circulation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain

There has been an increasing appreciation of the role of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) associated with old age. Strong preclinical and translational evidence links age-related dysfunction and structural alterations of the cerebral arteries, arterioles, and capillaries to the pathogenesis of many types of dementia in the elderly, including Alzheimer’s disease. The low-pressure, low-velocity, and large-volume venous circulation of the brain also plays critical roles in the maintenance of homeostasis in the central nervous system. Despite its physiological importance, the role of age-related alterations of the brain venous circulation in the pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia is much less understood. This overview discusses the role of cerebral veins in the pathogenesis of VCID. Pathophysiological consequences of age-related dysregulation of the cerebral venous circulation are explored, including blood-brain barrier disruption, neuroinflammation, exacerbation of neurodegeneration, development of cerebral microhemorrhages of venous origin, altered production of cerebrospinal fluid, impaired function of the glymphatics system, dysregulation of cerebral blood flow, and ischemic neuronal dysfunction and damage. Understanding the age-related functional and phenotypic alterations of the cerebral venous circulation is critical for developing new preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches to preserve brain health in older individuals.

scholarly journals The Missing Link in the Pathophysiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: Design of the Heart-Brain Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid M. Hooghiemstra ◽  
Anne Suzanne Bertens ◽  
Anna E. Leeuwis ◽  
Esther E. Bron ◽  
Michiel L. Bots ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Neuropsychological Testing ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Hemodynamic Status ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Study

Background: Hemodynamic balance in the heart-brain axis is increasingly recognized as a crucial factor in maintaining functional and structural integrity of the brain and thereby cognitive functioning. Patients with heart failure (HF), carotid occlusive disease (COD), and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) present themselves with complaints attributed to specific parts of the heart-brain axis, but hemodynamic changes often go beyond the part of the axis for which they primarily seek medical advice. The Heart-Brain Study hypothesizes that the hemodynamic status of the heart and the brain is an important but underestimated cause of VCI. We investigate this by studying to what extent hemodynamic changes contribute to VCI and what the mechanisms involved are. Here, we provide an overview of the design and protocol. Methods: The Heart-Brain Study is a multicenter cohort study with a follow-up measurement after 2 years among 645 participants (175 VCI, 175 COD, 175 HF, and 120 controls). Enrollment criteria are the following: 1 of the 3 diseases diagnosed according to current guidelines, age ≥50 years, no magnetic resonance contraindications, ability to undergo cognitive testing, and independence in daily life. A core clinical dataset is collected including sociodemographic factors, cardiovascular risk factors, detailed neurologic, cardiac, and medical history, medication, and a physical examination. In addition, we perform standardized neuropsychological testing, cardiac, vascular and brain MRI, and blood sampling. In subsets of participants we assess Alz­heimer biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid, and assess echocardiography and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring. Follow-up measurements after 2 years include neuropsychological testing, brain MRI, and blood samples for all participants. We use centralized state-of-the-art storage platforms for clinical and imaging data. Imaging data are processed centrally with automated standardized pipelines. Results and Conclusions: The Heart-Brain Study investigates relationships between (cardio-)vascular factors, the hemodynamic status of the heart and the brain, and cognitive impairment. By studying the complete heart-brain axis in patient groups that represent components of this axis, we have the opportunity to assess a combination of clinical and subclinical manifestations of disorders of the heart, vascular system and brain, with hemodynamic status as a possible binding factor.

Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Vascular and Mixed Dementias

2013 ◽  
pp. 900-903
Author(s):  
Helena Chang Chui
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Vascular Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Alzheimer Pathology

This chapter addresses five common questions surrounding vascular cognitive impairment (VCI): pathogenesis, diagnostic accuracy, incidence and prevalence, relationship between VBI and Alzheimer disease (AD), and prevention/treatment. Although vascular cognitive impairment is considered to be the second most common form of cognitive impairment and dementia in late life, it can be argued that public health emphasis should be placed more on the prevention and treatment of vascular brain injury (VBI), which for example may be detectable by MR imaging. We review the historical syndromes and current diagnostic criteria, which have focused on defining various subtypes of VCI and have influenced estimates of incidence and prevalence. Recent neuropathological studies have highlighted the frequent concurrence of Alzheimer pathology and VBI in late life. Converging evidence suggests that AD and VBI impose differential but additive deleterious effects on cognitive function. The field is moving increasingly to earlier detection of the brain at risk using MR imaging, as well as to the early identification and treatment of vascular risk factors.

The brain diseases causing senile dementia

1986 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ulrich ◽  
A. Probst ◽  
M. W�est
Keyword(s):  
Senile Dementia ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
The Brain
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