scholarly journals Carbon dioxide inhibits COVID-19-type proinflammatory responses through extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, novel carbon dioxide sensors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Galganska ◽  
Wieslawa Jarmuszkiewicz ◽  
Lukasz Galganski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mapk Signalling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Proinflammatory Responses ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

AbstractMitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways are crucial for developmental processes, oncogenesis, and inflammation, including the production of proinflammatory cytokines caused by reactive oxygen species and upon severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. There are no drugs that can effectively prevent excessive inflammatory responses in endothelial cells in the lungs, heart, brain, and kidneys, which are considered the main causes of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this work, we demonstrate that human MAPKs, i.e. extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), are CO2 sensors and CO2 is an efficient anti-inflammatory compound that exerts its effects through inactivating ERK1/2 in cultured endothelial cells when the CO2 concentration is elevated. CO2 is a potent inhibitor of cellular proinflammatory responses caused by H2O2 or the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. ERK1/2 activated by the combined action of RBD and cytokines crucial for the development of severe COVID-19, i.e. interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα), are more effectively inactivated by CO2 than by dexamethasone or acetylsalicylic acid in human bronchial epithelial cells. Previously, many preclinical and clinical studies showed that the transient application of 5–8% CO2 is safe and effective in the treatment of many diseases. Therefore, our research indicates that CO2 may be used for the treatment of COVID-19 as well as the modification of hundreds of cellular pathways.

ERK5 and its role in tumour development

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela A. Lochhead ◽  
Rebecca Gilley ◽  
Simon J. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Invasion And Migration ◽  
Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mapk Signalling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Tumour Cell Invasion ◽  
And Migration

The MEK5 [MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase)/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase 5]/ERK5 pathway is the least well studied MAPK signalling module. It has been proposed to play a role in the pathology of cancer. In the present paper, we review the role of the MEK5/ERK5 pathway using the ‘hallmarks of cancer’ as a framework and consider how this pathway is deregulated. As well as playing a key role in endothelial cell survival and tubular morphogenesis during tumour neovascularization, ERK5 is also emerging as a regulator of tumour cell invasion and migration. Several oncogenes can stimulate ERK5 activity, and protein levels are increased by a novel amplification at chromosome locus 17p11 and by down-regulation of the microRNAs miR-143 and miR-145. Together, these finding underscore the case for further investigation into understanding the role of ERK5 in cancer.

scholarly journals Exercise-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling in skeletal muscle

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Chau Long ◽  
Ulrika Widegren ◽  
Juleen R. Zierath
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Mapk Cascades ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mapk Signalling ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Response To Exercise

Exercise training improves glucose homeostasis through enhanced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Muscle contraction through physical exercise is a physiological stimulus that elicits multiple biochemical and biophysical responses and therefore requires an appropriate control network. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways constitute a network of phosphorylation cascades that link cellular stress to changes in transcriptional activity. MAPK cascades are divided into four major subfamilies, including extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, p38 MAPK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5. The present review will present the current understanding of parallel MAPK signalling in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise and muscle contraction, with an emphasis on identifying potential signalling mechanisms responsible for changes in gene expression.

scholarly journals Direct recruitment of CRK and GRB2 to VEGFR-3 induces proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells through the activation of ERK, AKT, and JNK pathways

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 3423-3431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Salameh ◽  
Federico Galvagni ◽  
Monia Bardelli ◽  
Federico Bussolino ◽  
Salvatore Oliviero
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Capillary Plexus ◽  
Primary Capillary Plexus ◽  
Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) plays a key role for the remodeling of the primary capillary plexus in the embryo and contributes to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the adult. However, VEGFR-3 signal transduction pathways remain to be elucidated. Here we investigated VEGFR-3 signaling in primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by the systematic mutation of the tyrosine residues potentially involved in VEGFR-3 signaling and identified the tyrosines critical for its function. Y1068 was shown to be essential for the kinase activity of the receptor. Y1063 signals the receptor-mediated survival by recruiting CRKI/II to the activated receptor, inducing a signaling cascade that, via mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4 (MKK4), activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1/2 (JNK1/2). Inhibition of JNK1/2 function either by specific peptide inhibitor JNKI1 or by RNA interference (RNAi) demonstrated that activation of JNK1/2 is required for a VEGFR-3–dependent prosurvival signaling. Y1230/Y1231 contributes, together with Y1337, to proliferation, migration, and survival of endothelial cells. Phospho-Y1230/Y1231 directly recruits growth factor receptor–bonus protein (GRB2) to the receptor, inducing the activation of both AKT and extracellular signal–related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling. Finally, we observed that Y1063 and Y1230/Y1231 signaling converge to induce c-JUN expression, and RNAi experiments demonstrated that c-JUN is required for growth factor–induced prosurvival signaling in primary endothelial cells.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent and -independent routes control shedding of transmembrane growth factors through multiple secretases

2002 ◽  
Vol 363 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Carlos MONTERO ◽  
Laura YUSTE ◽  
Elena DÍAZ-RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
Azucena ESPARÍS-OGANDO ◽  
Atanasio PANDIELLA
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Ovary Cells ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Factor Α

Solubilization of a number of membrane proteins occurs by the action of cell-surface proteases, termed secretases. Recently, the activity of these secretases has been reported to be controlled by the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/ERK2) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) routes. In the present paper, we show that shedding of membrane-anchored growth factors (MAGFs) may also occur through MAPK-independent routes. In Chinese-hamster ovary cells, cleavage induced by protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation was largely insensitive to inhibitors of the ERK1/ERK2 and p38 routes. Other reagents such as sorbitol or UV light stimulated MAGF cleavage independent of PKC. The action of sorbitol on cleavage was only partially prevented by the combined action of inhibitors of the p38 and ERK1/ERK2 routes, indicating that sorbitol can also stimulate shedding by MAPK-dependent and -independent routes. Studies in cells devoid of activity of the secretase tumour necrosis factor-α-converting enzyme (TACE) indicated that this protease had an essential role in PKC- and ERK1/ERK2-mediated shedding. However, secretases other than TACE may also cleave MAGFs since sorbitol could still induce shedding in these cells. These observations suggest that cleavage of MAGFs is a complex process in which multiple secretases, activated through different MAPK-dependent and -independent routes, are involved.

Glycyrrhizin, the main active compound in liquorice, attenuates pro-inflammatory responses by interfering with membrane-dependent receptor signalling

2009 ◽  
Vol 421 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bärbel Schröfelbauer ◽  
Johanna Raffetseder ◽  
Maria Hauner ◽  
Andrea Wolkerstorfer ◽  
Wolfgang Ernst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Compound ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Cpg Dna ◽  
Cellular Attachment ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Factor Α

The triterpene glycoside glycyrrhizin is the main active compound in liquorice. It is used as a herbal medicine owing to its anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Its mode of action, however, remains widely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of glycyrrhizin in attenuating inflammatory responses in macrophages. Using microarray analysis, we found that glycyrrhizin caused a broad block in the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 agonist CpG-DNA in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we found that glycyrrhizin also strongly attenuated inflammatory responses induced by TLR3 and TLR4 ligands. The inhibition was accompanied by decreased activation not only of the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) pathway but also of the parallel MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling cascade upon stimulation with TLR9 and TLR4 agonists. Further analysis of upstream events revealed that glycyrrhizin treatment decreased cellular attachment and/or uptake of CpG-DNA and strongly impaired TLR4 internalization. Moreover, we found that the anti-inflammatory effects were specific for membrane-dependent receptor-mediated stimuli, as glycyrrhizin was ineffective in blocking Tnfa (tumour necrosis factor α gene) induction upon stimulation with PMA, a receptor- and membrane-independent stimulus. These observations suggest that the broad anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhizin is mediated by the interaction with the lipid bilayer, thereby attenuating receptor-mediated signalling.

Suppression of LPS-induced inflammatory responses by inflexanin B in BV2 microglial cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji-Youn Lim ◽  
Donggeun Sul ◽  
Bang Yeon Hwang ◽  
Kwang Woo Hwang ◽  
Ki-Yeol Yoo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Bv2 Cells ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Physiological Homeostasis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
Bv2 Microglial Cells

Microglia are a type of resident macrophage that functions as an inflammation modulator in the central nervous system. Over-activation of microglia by a range of stimuli disrupts the physiological homeostasis of the brain, and induces inflammatory response and degenerative processes, such as those implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, we investigated the possible anti-inflammatory mechanisms of inflexanin B in murine microglial BV2 cells. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated BV2 cells and induced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and cytokines (interleukins-1β and -6, and tumour necrosis factor α). The LPS-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators was associated with the enhancement of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) including ERK1/2 and JNK. Conversely, pretreatment of cells with inflexanin B (10 and 20 μg/mL) significantly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. This was accompanied with the reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and reduced activation of MAPKs. These results suggest that inflexanin B attenuated the LPS-induced inflammatory process by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs.

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