Predictive Model of Rainfall-Induced Landslides in High-Density Urban Areas of the South Primorsky Region (Russia)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Stepnova ◽  
A. A. Stepnov ◽  
A. V. Konovalov ◽  
Yu. V. Gensiorovskiy ◽  
V. A. Lobkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Model ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Density ◽  
The South

scholarly journals A Quantitative Method for Evaluation of Visual Privacy in Residential Environments

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
He Zheng ◽  
Bo Wu ◽  
Heyi Wei ◽  
Jinbiao Yan ◽  
Jianfeng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
High Density ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Visual Exposure ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Visual Privacy ◽  
Building Level

With the rapid expansion of high-rise and high-density buildings in urban areas, visual privacy has become one of the major concerns affecting human environmental quality. Evaluation of residents’ visual exposure to outsiders has attracted more attention in the past decades. This paper presents a quantitative indicator; namely, the Potential Visual Exposure Index (PVEI), to assess visual privacy by introducing the damage of potential visual incursion from public spaces and neighborhoods in high-density residences. The method for computing the PVEI mainly consists of three steps: extracting targets and potential observers in a built environment, conducting intervisibility analysis and identifying visible sightlines, and integrating sightlines from building level and ground level to compute the PVEI value of each building opening. To validate the proposed PVEI, a case study with a sample building located at the center of Kowloon, Hong Kong, was evaluated. The results were in accordance with the common-sense notion that lower floors are subjected to poor visual privacy, and privacy is relatively well-preserved in upper floors in a building. However, residents of middle floors may suffer the worst circumstances with respect to visual privacy. The PVEI can be a useful indicator to assess visual privacy and can provide valuable information in architectural design, hotel room selection, and building management.

scholarly journals Crustal density structure of the northwestern Iranian Plateau

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
pp. 1347-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Teknik ◽  
Abdolreza Ghods ◽  
Hans Thybo ◽  
Irina M. Artemieva
Keyword(s):  
High Density ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Arabian Plate ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Moho Depth ◽  
Caspian Basin ◽  
The South ◽  
South Caspian Basin ◽  
Iranian Plateau

We present a new 2D crustal-scale model of the northwestern Iranian plateau based on gravity–magnetic modeling along the 500 km long China–Iran Geological and Geophysical Survey in the Iranian plateau (CIGSIP) seismic profile across major tectonic provinces of Iran from the Arabian plate into the South Caspian Basin (SCB). The seismic P-wave receiver function (RF) model along the profile is used to constrain major crustal boundaries in the density model. Our 2D crustal model shows significant variation in the sedimentary thickness, Moho depth, and the depth and extent of intra-crustal interfaces. The Main Recent Fault (MRF) between the Arabian crust and the overriding central Iran crust dips at approximately 13° towards the northeast to a depth of about 40 km. The geometry of the MRF suggests about 150 km of underthrusting of the Arabian plate beneath central Iran. Our results indicate the presence of a high-density lower crustal layer beneath Zagros. We identify a new crustal-scale suture beneath the Tarom valley between the South Caspian Basin crust and Central Iran and the Alborz. This suture is associated with sharp variation in Moho depth, topography, and magnetic anomalies, and is underlain by a 20 km thick high-density crustal root at 35–55 km depth. The high-density lower crust in Alborz and Zagros may be related to partial eclogitization of crustal roots below about 40 km depth. The gravity and magnetic models indicate a highly extended continental crust for the SCB crust along the profile. Low observed magnetic susceptibility of the Kermanshah ophiolites likely indicates that the ophiolite rocks only form a thin layer that has been thrust over the sedimentary cover.

Large Summer Rainfall Events and Their Importance in Mitigating Droughts over the South Western Cape, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 587-599
Author(s):  
W. M. De Kock ◽  
R. C. Blamey ◽  
C. J. C. Reason
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
The South ◽  
African Region ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Atmospheric Rivers ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Almost All

AbstractAlthough the south Western Cape receives most of its rainfall between May and September, there are substantial rainfall events in some summers. These events are of interest in themselves as well as for their possible role in mitigating the frequent winter droughts that the region suffers from. Most recently, greater Cape Town suffered a devastating drought during 2015–18 known as the Day Zero drought due to the high risk of urban areas running out of piped water supply. Estimated data from the city show that major dam levels in the south Western Cape increased more than 1% in some cases after large rainfall events (LREs) in the summer of 2018/19. This increase is significant as dam levels often decrease by several percent per month during the hot summer. In this study, LREs over the south Western Cape during the summer (October–March) are investigated together with dam level data. Most summer LREs result from atmospheric rivers (ARs) or cutoff lows (COLs). ARs have not been previously studied in the South African region except for one study for winter that showed they are responsible for almost all the heavy rainfall events in the Western Cape. Although COLs are most common in the transition months, they can also occur in midwinter and summer. COLs tend to last longer and cover larger areas than ARs, which typically yield relatively short bursts of intense rainfall mostly concentrated around greater Cape Town. After each summer LRE, average dam levels increase by up to 5%, suggesting they are very important for drought recovery. In particular, summer LREs following the anomalously dry winters of 1980, 1984, 2003, 2004, and 2015–18 played an important role in mitigating those droughts.

ICT-Supported Education for Sustainable Development of South Korean Rural Communities

2012 ◽  
pp. 769-785
Author(s):  
K. P. Joo
Keyword(s):  
Adult Education ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The South ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Rural And Urban

The rural communities in South Korea have faced serious challenges as the country has gradually opened the agricultural market and extended the conclusion of Free Trade Agreement with more and more countries. Moreover, due to the national socio-economic and political structures, South Korea has been undergoing the technological imbalance between rural and urban areas. In order to cope with these vital social challenges, the South Korean government has exerted considerable investment and effort in establishing ICT knowledge and skills as well as infrastructure in rural areas. Thus, conceptualizing ICT in the context of adult education, this chapter addresses three ICT-supported adult education programs oriented toward developing ICT skills and competencies of people in agricultural areas of South Korea. The South Korean cases of agricultural ICT education represent the vast and concentrated national efforts in integrating ICT across rural areas in this fast changing global situation.

A Case Study of Planning

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Boarnet ◽  
Randall C. Crane
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
San Diego ◽  
The United States ◽  
San Diego County ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
The South

The facts, figures, and inferences in chapter 7 regarding municipal behavior toward transit-oriented housing opportunities illustrate many points. Still, there is much that even a careful statistical analysis might miss or misunderstand. For that reason, we also explored what we could learn by talking to real planners about these issues. The case of San Diego is interesting and useful for several reasons. First, the San Diego Trolley is the oldest of the current generation of light rail projects in the United States. Unlike many newer systems, the age of San Diego’s rail transit (the South Line opened in 1981) allows time for land use planning to respond to the fixed investment. Second, the San Diego system is no stranger to modern transit-based planning ideas. The San Diego City Council approved a land-use plan for their stations that includes many of the ideas promoted by transit-oriented development (TOD) advocates (City of San Diego, 1992). Third, the light rail transit (LRT) authority in San Diego County, the Metropolitan Transit Development Board (MTDB), is often regarded as one of the more successful municipal LRT agencies. The initial parts of the MTDB rail transit system were constructed strictly with state and local funds, using readily available, relatively low-cost technology (Demoro and Harder, 1989, p. 6). Portions of San Diego’s system have high fare-box recovery rates, including the South Line, which in its early years recovered as much as 90 percent of operating costs at the fare box (Gómez-Ibáñez, 1985). All of these factors make San Diego potentially a “best-case” example of TOD implementation. When generalizing from this case study, it is important to remember that the transit station area development process in San Diego is likely better developed than in many other urban areas in the United States. The results from San Diego County can illustrate general issues that, if they have not already been encountered, might soon become important in other urban areas with rail transit systems. Also, given San Diego County’s longer history of both LRT and TOD when compared with most other regions, any barriers identified in San Diego County might be even more important elsewhere.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Effects of Urban Form on Land Surface Temperature in Subtropical High-Density Urban Areas Using Machine Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei Sun ◽  
Chao Gao ◽  
Jialin Li ◽  
Run Wang ◽  
Jian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Thermal Environment ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cooling Effects ◽  
Urban Thermal Environment ◽  
The Impact

It is widely acknowledged that urban form significantly affects urban thermal environment, which is a key element to adapt and mitigate extreme high temperature weather in high-density urban areas. However, few studies have discussed the impact of physical urban form features on the land surface temperature (LST) from a perspective of comprehensive urban spatial structures. This study used the ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) and random forest regression (RF) to distinguish the relative contributions of urban form metrics on LST at three observation scales. Results of this study indicate that more than 90% of the LST variations were explained by selected urban form metrics using RF. Effects of the magnitude and direction of urban form metrics on LST varied with the changes of seasons and observation scales. Overall, building morphology and urban ecological infrastructure had dominant effects on LST variations in high-density urban centers. Urban green space and water bodies demonstrated stronger cooling effects, especially in summer. Building density (BD) exhibited significant positive effects on LST, whereas the floor area ratio (FAR) showed a negative influence on LST. The results can be applied to investigate and implement urban thermal environment mitigation planning for city managers and planners.

scholarly journals A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxun Li ◽  
Guihua Wang ◽  
Huijie Xue ◽  
Huizan Wang
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
South China ◽  
Forecast Accuracy ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Altimeter Data ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea

Abstract. A novel predictive model is built for eddy propagation trajectory using the multiple linear regression method. This simple model has related various oceanic parameters to eddy propagation position changes in the South China Sea (SCS). These oceanic parameters mainly represent the effects of planetary β and mean flow advection on the eddy propagation. The performance of the proposed model is examined in the SCS based on twenty years of satellite altimeter data, and demonstrates its significant forecast skills over a 4-week forecast window comparing to the traditional persistence method. It is also found that the model forecast accuracy is sensitive to eddy polarity and forecast season.

scholarly journals Modeling Forest Fire Probabilities in the South Central United States Using FIA Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Munn ◽  
Yushun Zhai ◽  
David L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Census Tract ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Prescribed Fires ◽  
The South ◽  
South Central ◽  
Central United States

Abstract Factors influencing the probability of fire occurrence in the south central United States were investigated using a geographic information system (GIS) and a multinomial logit model. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data at the plot level were merged with census data at the census-tract level to create a data set containing demographic, geographic, and timber-related characteristics. A multinomial logit model was employed to estimate the relationships between plot characteristics and the probability of wildfires, prescribed fires, and fires of unknown origins. Wildfires occurred more frequently on public forests than industrial and nonindustrial private forests (NIPFs). The probability of wildfire increased with proximity to urban areas and “built-up” areas of 4 ha or more in size. Wildfires occurred more frequently in younger stands and in pine and mixed pine-hardwood types than in hardwood types. Prescribed fires occurred more frequently on public and industrial forests than on NIPFs. The probability of prescribed fires increased with proximity to roads, urban areas, built-up areas of 4 ha or more, and on flatter terrain, but was inversely related to population density. Fire was prescribed less frequently for pole-sized stands than sawtimber size stands and more frequently for pine and mixed pine-hardwood types than for hardwood types. Education levels and median household incomes of the surrounding census tract had no significant effects on the probability of any type of fire. South. J. Appl. For. 27(1):11–17.

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