scholarly journals Mathematically optimal decisions in forensic age assessment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Mostad ◽  
Andreas Schmeling ◽  
Fredrik Tamsen
Keyword(s):  
Distal Femur ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Conditional Correlation ◽  
Age Assessment ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
Common Prior ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
General Method

AbstractForensic age estimation generally involves considerable amounts of uncertainty. Forensic age indicators such as teeth or skeleton images predict age only approximately, and this is likely to remain true even for future forensic age indicators. Thus, forensic age assessment should aim to make the best possible decisions under uncertainty. In this paper, we apply mathematical theory to make statistically optimal decisions to age assessment. Such an application is fairly straightforward assuming there is a standardized procedure for obtaining age indicator information from individuals, assuming we have data from the application of this procedure to a group of persons with known ages, and assuming the starting point for each individual is a probability distribution describing prior knowledge about the persons age. The main problem is then to obtain such a prior. Our analysis indicates that individual priors rather than a common prior for all persons may be necessary. We suggest that caseworkers, based on individual case information, may select a prior from a menu of priors. We show how information may then be collected over time to gradually increase the robustness of the decision procedure. We also show how replacing individual prior distributions for age with individual prior odds for being above an age limit cannot be recommended as a general method. Our theoretical framework is applied to data where the maturity of the distal femur and the third molar is observed using MRI. As part of this analysis we observe a weak positive conditional correlation between maturity of the two body parts.

Internet gambling stock returns: empirical evidence from the UK

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
Daniel Perez Liston
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Multivariate Garch ◽  
Online Gambling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Conditional Correlation ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Uk

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to quantify beta for an online gambling portfolio in the UK and investigates whether it is time-varying. It also examines the dynamic correlations of the online gambling portfolio with both the market and socially responsible portfolios. In addition, this paper documents the effect of important UK gambling legislation on the betas and correlations of the online gambling portfolio. Design/methodology/approach This study uses static and time-varying models (e.g. rolling regressions, multivariate GARCH models) to estimate betas and correlations for a portfolio of UK online gambling stocks. Findings This study finds that beta for the online gambling portfolio is less than 1, indicative of defensiveness toward the market, a result that is consistent with prior literature for sin stocks. In addition, the conditional correlation between the market and online gambling portfolio is small when compared to the correlation of the market and socially responsible portfolios. Findings suggest that the adoption of the Gambling Act 2005 increases the conditional correlation between the market and online gambling portfolio and it also increases the conditional betas for the online gambling portfolio. Research limitations/implications This paper serves as a starting point for future research on online gambling stocks. Going forward, studies can focus on the financial performance or accounting performance of online gambling stocks. Originality/value This empirical investigation provides insight into the risk characteristics of publicly listed online gambling companies in the UK.

scholarly journals Neural Sign Language Translation Based on Human Keypoint Estimation

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (13) ◽  
pp. 2683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Ki Ko ◽  
Chang Jo Kim ◽  
Hyedong Jung ◽  
Choongsang Cho
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Translation Model ◽  
Starting Point

We propose a sign language translation system based on human keypoint estimation. It is well-known that many problems in the field of computer vision require a massive dataset to train deep neural network models. The situation is even worse when it comes to the sign language translation problem as it is far more difficult to collect high-quality training data. In this paper, we introduce the KETI (Korea Electronics Technology Institute) sign language dataset, which consists of 14,672 videos of high resolution and quality. Considering the fact that each country has a different and unique sign language, the KETI sign language dataset can be the starting point for further research on the Korean sign language translation. Using the KETI sign language dataset, we develop a neural network model for translating sign videos into natural language sentences by utilizing the human keypoints extracted from the face, hands, and body parts. The obtained human keypoint vector is normalized by the mean and standard deviation of the keypoints and used as input to our translation model based on the sequence-to-sequence architecture. As a result, we show that our approach is robust even when the size of the training data is not sufficient. Our translation model achieved 93.28% (55.28%, respectively) translation accuracy on the validation set (test set, respectively) for 105 sentences that can be used in emergency situations. We compared several types of our neural sign translation models based on different attention mechanisms in terms of classical metrics for measuring the translation performance.

scholarly journals Equilibrium Profile of Ice Shelves

1979 ◽  
Vol 22 (88) ◽  
pp. 435-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. O. Sanderson
Keyword(s):  
Strain Rates ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Glacier Tongue ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Equilibrium Profile ◽  
Hinge Zone ◽  
General Method ◽  
Equilibrium Thickness

AbstractUsing expressions for ice-shelf creep derived by Weertman (1957) and Thomas (1973[b]) a general method is developed for calculating equilibrium thickness profiles, velocities, and strain-rates for any ice shelf. This is done first for an unconfined glacier tongue and the result agrees well with data for Erebus Glacier tongue (Holdsworth, 1974). Anomalies occur within the first 3 km after the hinge zone and these are too great to be the result of local bottom freezing; they are probably due to disturbance of the velocity field. Secondly, profiles are calculated for bay ice shelves. Thickness gradients are largely independent of melt-rate or flow parameters but are inversely proportional to the width of the bay. Data from Antarctic ice shelves agree with this result both qualitatively and quantitatively. The theory is readily extended to ice shelves in diverging and converging bays. An ice shelf in a diverging bay can only remain intact if it is thick enough and slow enough to creep sufficiently rapidly in the transverse direction. If it cannot, it will develop major rifts or will come adrift from the bay walls. It is then likely to break up. The presence of ice rises or areas of grounding towards the seaward margin can radically alter the size of the ice shelf which can form. The theory could be used as a starting point to study non-equilibrium behaviour.

scholarly journals Dental age assessment of adolescents and emerging adults in United Kingdom Caucasians using censored data for stage H of third molar roots

2010 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 503-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Boonpitaksathit ◽  
N. Hunt ◽  
G. J. Roberts ◽  
A. Petrie ◽  
V. S. Lucas
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Censored Data ◽  
Third Molar ◽  
Dental Age ◽  
Age Assessment

scholarly journals The Nature and Limits of the Duty of Rescue

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-341
Author(s):  
David Miller
Keyword(s):  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Global Poverty ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
State Legitimacy ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Fair Procedure ◽  
Do So

Virtually everyone believes that we have a duty to rescue fellow human-beings from serious danger when we can do so at small cost to ourselves – and this often forms the starting point for arguments in moral and political philosophy on topics such as global poverty, state legitimacy, refugees, and the donation of body parts. But how are we to explain this duty, and within what limits does it apply? It cannot be subsumed under a wider consequentialist requirement to prevent harm. Nor can it be understood as a duty of social justice that citizens owe to one another under a social contract for mutual protection. Instead it is a sui generis duty of justice that arises from the direct physical encounter between rescuer and victim, and is accordingly limited in scope. However the simplicity of the duty evaporates when multiple potential rescuers are present. Here responsibility lies with the collective as a whole until it is assigned by a fair procedure to individual members. Each individual is required as a matter of justice to discharge that share, but not more, though in the case that others do not comply, he will have a reason, and sometimes a humanitarian duty, to take up the slack.

Spinwellen in dünnen ferromagnetischen Schichten

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (13) ◽  
pp. 1567-1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Jelitto
Keyword(s):  
Difference Equation ◽  
Surface States ◽  
Subsequent Paper ◽  
Cubic Lattice ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Transcendental Equations ◽  
The One ◽  
The Given ◽  
Special Case ◽  
General Method

This paper is concerned with an ideal spin-l/2-HEisENBERG-model for thin ferromagnetic films. A general method is given for the calculation of the one-spinwave eigenstates and their spectrum in dependence on the lattice type and the orientation of the surfaces of the film. The function that characterises the shape of the spinwave perpendicular to the film must fulfil a linear eigenvalue-difference-equation as well as a set of boundary conditions.For next-neighbour interactions this system may be evaluated for an especially simple case. For it spinwavestates of the form of cos-sin-functions as well as surface states are found. Their momenta are given by some transcendental equations, which are discussed.For all other cases the given difference-equation cannot be solved in a closed form, but at any rate it is a starting point for numerical calculations.In a subsequent paper it will be shown that the special case mentioned above covers some important surface orientations of the cubic lattice types. For films of these orientations the dependence of the magnetization on temperature and thickness of the film will be derived from the spinwave spectra.

scholarly journals Gr. ἄφρων [adj.] ‘senseless’: a Reassessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Romain Garnier ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Sense Of Smell ◽  
Starting Point

The present article offers a reassessment of Hom. ἄφρων [adj.] ‘unreasonable, senseless, foolish’, which is traditionally accounted for as an ablauting compound (of the type πατήρ :  πάτωρ) based on the simplex φρένες [f.pl.tant.] ‘midriff, diaphragm’ (+Il.). This archaic ablauting pattern (viz. °φρων vs. simplex φρήν*) is totally unparalleled for body parts; besides, the Ancients’ interpretation of φρένες as ‘diaphragm’ is flawed. Φρονέω ‘to have (good) understanding or intelligence’ is a back-formation coined after  φρονέω ‘to act senselessly, to be foolish’. From zero-graded  φραίνω (via a synchronic reanalysis of -αίνω as a deverbative suffix of the type °φαίνω), an adverb * φρα-δόν ‘senselessly, foolishly’ was eventually coined, which was the starting point of a whole new group. From this group was reanalyzed a “new” synchronic root √φραδ- ‘to heed, to consider’, reflected by Hom. φράζω. The lack of comparative evidence for this sprawling word family leads the author to assume that Hom. ἄφρων [adj.] ‘senseless, fool, heedless’ is in fact the reflex of a PIE etymon *ń ̥ -gʷʱr(h1)-on- ‘without sense of smell, not able of scenting’, from PIE *gʷʱreh1- ‘to smell’ (cf. Ved. jí-ghr-a- < *gʷʱí-gʷʱr(h1)-V-). This verbal compound of the type νήφων [*-on-adj.] ‘sober’ (< PIE *ń̥ -h1gʷʱ-on- ‘not having drunk’) would have been eventually reanalyzed as a privative bahuvrīhi (viz. ‘lacking φρένες’).

scholarly journals Using structurally fungible biosensors to evolve improved alkaloid biosyntheses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon d'Oelsnitz ◽  
Wantae Kim ◽  
Nathaniel T Burkholder ◽  
Kamyab javanmardi ◽  
Ross Thyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Binding Site ◽  
Microbial Production ◽  
Plant Metabolites ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Selection Approach ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Effector Binding ◽  
General Method

A key bottleneck in the microbial production of therapeutic plant metabolites is identifying enzymes that can greatly improve yield. The facile identification of genetically encoded biosensors can overcome this limitation and become part of a general method for engineering scaled production. We have developed a unique combined screening and selection approach that quickly refines the affinities and specificities of generalist transcription factors, and using RamR as a starting point we evolve highly specific (>100-fold preference) and sensitive (EC50 <30 μM) biosensors for the alkaloids tetrahydropapaverine, papaverine, glaucine, rotundine, and noscapine. High resolution structures reveal multiple evolutionary avenues for the fungible effector binding site, and the creation of new pockets for different chemical moieties. These sensors further enabled the evolution of a streamlined pathway for tetrahydropapaverine, an immediate precursor to four modern pharmaceuticals, collapsing multiple methylation steps into a single evolved enzyme. Our methods for evolving biosensors now enable the rapid engineering of pathways for therapeutic alkaloids.

The Human Body's Built-In Range Finder: The Thumb Method of Indirect Distance Measurement

2006 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 622-626
Author(s):  
Michael Wong
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Good Combination ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Range Finder ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Careful Observation ◽  
Fields Of Study ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Tactile Learning ◽  
Similar Triangles

By using body parts and sightlines to find the distance to an object, students can reinforce the study and application of similar triangles. This activity is a good combination of tactile learning, practical application, careful observation and modeling, and higher-order thinking. The teacher may subsequently pursue the material in greater depth or use it as a starting point for excursions into other fields of study.

Crossmedia Flows of Documentary Images and the Transnational Communicative Figuration Surrounding Gestational Surrogacy in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-207
Author(s):  
Nadja-Christina Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Visual Medium ◽  
Active Labour ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Documentary Filmmaking ◽  
Media Environments ◽  
Gestational Surrogacy

The article is based on the assumption that documentary films are an important ‘ channel of mediation’ (Strathern, 2002, Journal of Molecular Biology, 319(4), 985–993) that helps make visible the changing configurations of family, kinship and social reproduction. It further assumes that documentary images of egg donors, medical procedures, fertility clinics, delivery or labouring bodies of surrogates, and handing over of a ‘commodified’ newborn baby to the commissioning parents effectively convey the repercussions that gestational surrogacy has for all the medicalised bodies which are involved in the transnational processes of reproduction. Widely circulated and received documentaries such as Google Baby (2009), House of Surrogates (2013), Ma Na Sapna: A Mother’s Dream (2013) or Can We See the Baby Bump Please? (2013) often function as a starting point and major reference for the debate about this complex issue. But while academic or journalistic articles mostly refer to individual films and on the theme in focus, the different context(s) of the medium itself are less reflected upon. Documentary filmmaking is of course always situated in a specific sociopolitical context, and this in turn shapes the way in which the visual medium make us, as non-experts, see and learn. It also forms the basis of our quest for more knowledge and better understanding, that is, in this case of the transnational entanglements in the field of assisted reproductive technologies. In addition to that, like any other medium or media-related practice today, documentary filmmaking is also embedded in profoundly transformed media environments, networks and communicative practices. In order to understand how information and knowledge about split parenthood and gestational surrogacy is mediated to transnational audiences and framed in public discussions, it is thus necessary to shed light on the interconnectedness of different media forms and framings through which the communication around this complex topic has formed. Instead of a close reading of selected documentaries, the article therefore attempts to trace and contextualise the crossmedial and translocal itineraries of three key images and central tropes that have influenced the framing of transnational reproduction and gestational surrogacy in India significantly: (a) the medical authority-cum-media actor (i.e., internationally well-known fertility expert and doctor in charge, Dr Nayana Patel), (b) the surrogacy hostels and dormitories (i.e., the central symbol of constant surveillance and control of surrogates) and (c) the metaphor of ‘rented/hired wombs’ (i.e., the notion of a passive provision of body parts and understanding of gestational surrogacy as active labour).

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