scholarly journals Body mapping of regional sweat distribution in young and older males

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Coull ◽  
Anna M. West ◽  
Simon G. Hodder ◽  
Patrick Wheeler ◽  
George Havenith
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Body Mapping ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Older Males

Abstract Purpose Given the pressing impact of global warming and its detrimental effect on the health of older populations, understanding age-related changes in thermoregulatory function is essential. Age differences in regional sweat distribution have been observed previously, but given the typically small measurement areas assessed, the development of whole body sweat maps for older individuals is required. Therefore, this study investigated age-related differences in regional sweat distribution in a hot environment (32 °C/50%RH) in young and older adults, using a body mapping approach. Methods Technical absorbent pads were applied to the skin of 14 young (age 24 ± 2 years) and 14 older (68 ± 5 years) males to measure regional sweat rate (RSR) at rest (30 min) and during exercise (30 min), at a fixed heat production (200 W m−2). Gastrointestinal (Tgi) and skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate, thermal sensation, and thermal comfort were also measured. Results Whole body sweat maps showed that despite equal heat production, healthy older males had significantly lower gross sweat loss (GSL) than the young and significantly lower RSR at almost all body regions at rest and at the hands, legs, ankles, and feet during exercise. The lower sweat loss in the older group coincided with a greater increase in Tgi and a consistently higher Tsk at the legs, despite subjectively feeling slightly cooler than younger individuals. Conclusion These findings support the evidence of age-related deterioration in both autonomic and subjective responses in the heat and highlight the lower extremities as the most affected body region.

Core Temperature and Sweating in Men and Women During a 15-km Race in Cool Conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1132-1137
Author(s):  
Coen C.W.G. Bongers ◽  
Dominique S.M. ten Haaf ◽  
Nicholas Ravanelli ◽  
Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels ◽  
Maria T.E. Hopman
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
External Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cool Conditions

Purpose: Studies often assess the impact of sex on the relation between core body temperature (CBT), whole-body sweat rate (WBSR), and heat production during exercise in laboratory settings, but less is known in free-living conditions. Therefore, the authors compared the relation between CBT, WBSR, and heat production between sexes in a 15-km race under cool conditions. Methods: During 3 editions of the Seven Hills Run (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) with similar ambient conditions (8–12°C, 80–95% relative humidity), CBT and WBSR were measured among 375 participants (52% male) before and immediately after the 15-km race. Heat production was estimated using initial body mass and mean running speed, assuming negligible external work. Results: Men finished the race in 76 (12) minutes and women in 83 (13) minutes (P < .001, effect size [ES] = 0.55). Absolute heat production was higher in men than in women (1185 [163] W vs 867 [122] W, respectively, P < .001, ES = 1.47), even after normalizing to body mass (15.0 [2.2] W/kg vs 13.8 [1.9] W/kg, P < .001, ES = 0.56). Finish CBT did not differ between men and women (39.2°C [0.7°C] vs 39.2°C [0.7°C], P = .71, ES = 0.04). Men demonstrated a greater increase in CBT (1.5°C [0.8°C] vs 1.3°C [0.7°C], respectively, P = .013, ES = 0.31); the sex difference remains after correcting for heat production (P = .004). WBSR was larger in men (18.0 [6.9] g/min) than in women (11.4 [4.7] g/min; P < .001, ES = 0.97). A weak correlation between WBSR and heat production was found irrespective of sex (R2 = .395, P < .001). Conclusions: WBSR was associated with heat production, irrespective of sex, during a self-paced 15-km running race in cool environmental conditions. Men had a higher ΔCBT than women.

scholarly journals A systematic analysis of neurons with large somatosensory receptive fields covering multiple body regions in the secondary somatosensory area of macaque monkeys

2016 ◽  
Vol 116 (5) ◽  
pp. 2152-2162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Taoka ◽  
T. Toda ◽  
S. Hihara ◽  
M. Tanaka ◽  
A. Iriki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Somatosensory Area ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies

Previous neurophysiological studies performed in macaque monkeys have revealed complex somatosensory responses in the secondary somatosensory area (SII), such as large receptive fields (RFs), as well as bilateral ones. However, systematic analyses of neurons with large RFs have not been performed. In the present study, we recorded single-unit activities in SII of awake macaque monkeys to investigate systematically large RFs by dividing the whole body into four body regions (head, trunk, forelimb, and hindlimb). Recorded neurons were classified into two types, according to whether the RFs were confined to one body region: single ( n = 817) and combined ( n = 282) body-region types. These two types were distinct in terms of the percentage of bilateral RFs: 55% in the single-region type and 90% in the combined type, demonstrating that two types of RF enlargement occur simultaneously in the combined type, namely, RF convergence from different body regions and RF convergence from both hemibodies. Among the combined-type RFs, two tendencies of RF convergence were found: 1) the distal parts of the limbs (i.e., hand and foot) and the mouth are interconnected, and 2) the trunk RFs extend continuously toward the distal parts of the limb and head to cover the entire body surface. Our distribution analysis on unfolded maps clarified that neurons having RFs with these two tendencies were distributed within specific subregions in SII.

scholarly journals “Sex” and body region effects on bone mineralization in male pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Bernau ◽  
Juliane Schrott ◽  
Sebastian Schwanitz ◽  
Lena Sophie Kreuzer ◽  
Armin Manfred Scholz
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Hind Limbs ◽  
Live Body Weight ◽  
Sex Type ◽  
Male Sex

Abstract. Lameness in pigs is one of the major reasons for culling and early losses in pigs. This can be linked to osteoporosis due to pathologic alterations in bone mineral density (BMD) or bone mineral content (BMC) and may also be linked to the sex. Dealing with the ban on piglet castration without anaesthesia in Germany 2021, we have three male “sex” types: entire boars (EB), immunocastrated boars (IB), and surgically castrated boars (SB). The hypothesis of the present study is that BMC or BMD varies between different male sex types. If sex has an effect on bone mineralization (BMC or BMD) and if this affects leg health, it could result in more lameness and problems during fattening in the negatively affected sex type. The present study evaluated bone mineralization (in terms of BMD and BMC) and body composition traits using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) three times during growth at 30, 50, and 90 kg live body weight. Nine body regions were analysed for bone mineral traits and compared for different male sex types and the fattening season. Significant differences were found regarding BMD (and BMC) among EB, IB, and SB for whole-body BMD (BMC). Additionally significant differences were found in the front and lower hind limbs, where SB showed a significantly higher BMD compared to EB, with IB in between. Additionally regional differences were detected among the groups. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effect of these differences in bone mineralization on leg health.

scholarly journals Body mapping of sweating patterns of pre-pubertal children during intermittent exercise in a warm environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Arlegui ◽  
James W. Smallcombe ◽  
Damien Fournet ◽  
Keith Tolfrey ◽  
George Havenith
Keyword(s):  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Mapping ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lower Ratio ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Sweating Patterns

Abstract Purpose To determine sweating responses of pre-pubertal children during intermittent exercise in a warm environment and create whole-body maps of regional sweat rate (RSRs) distribution across the body. Methods Thirteen pre-pubertal children; six girls and seven boys (8.1 ± 0.8 years) took part. Sweat was collected using the technical absorbent method in the last 5 min of a 30-min intermittent exercise protocol performed at 30 ℃, 40% relative humidity and 2 m·s−1 frontal wind. Results Mean gross sweat loss (GSL) was 126 ± 47 g·m−2·h−1 and metabolic heat production was 278 ± 50 W·m2. The lower anterior torso area had the lowest RSR with a median (IQR) sweat rate (SR) of 40 (32) g·m−2·h−1. The highest was the forehead with a median SR of 255 (163) g·m−2·h−1. Normalised sweat maps (the ratio of each region’s SR to the mean SR for all measured pad regions) showed girls displayed lower ratio values at the anterior and posterior torso, and higher ratios at the hands, feet and forehead compared to boys. Absolute SRs were similar at hands and feet, but girls sweated less in most other areas, even after correction for metabolic rate. Conclusion Pre-pubertal children have different RSRs across the body, also showing sex differences in sweat distribution. Distributions differ from adults. Hands and feet RSR remain stable, but SR across other body areas increase with maturation. These data can increase specificity of models of human thermoregulation, improve the measurement accuracy of child-sized thermal manikins, and aid companies during product design and communication.

scholarly journals Local arginase inhibition does not modulate cutaneous vasodilation or sweating in young and older men during exercise

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 1129-1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert D. Meade ◽  
Naoto Fujii ◽  
Gregory W. McGarr ◽  
Lacy M. Alexander ◽  
Pierre Boulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
No Production ◽  
Passive Heating ◽  
Cutaneous Vasodilation ◽  
Age Related

Age-related impairments in cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate (SR) during exercise may result from increased arginase activity, which can attenuate endogenous nitric oxide (NO) production. We therefore evaluated whether arginase inhibition modulates these heat-loss responses in young ( n = 9, 23 ± 3 yr) and older ( n = 9, 66 ± 6 yr) men during two 30-min bouts of moderate-intensity cycling (Ex1 and Ex2) in the heat (35°C). CVC and SR were measured at forearm skin sites perfused with 1) lactated Ringer’s (control), 2) NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; NO synthase-inhibited), or 3) Nω-hydroxy-nor-arginine and S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine (Nor-NOHA + BEC; arginase-inhibited). In both groups, CVC was reduced at L-NAME relative to control and Nor-NOHA + BEC (both P < 0.01). Likewise, SR was attenuated with L-NAME compared with control and Nor-NOHA + BEC during each exercise bout in the young men (all P ≤ 0.05); however, no influence of treatment on SR in the older men was observed ( P = 0.14). Based on these findings, we then evaluated responses in 7 older men (64 ± 7 yr) during passively induced elevations in esophageal temperature (∆Tes) equal to those in Ex1 (0.6°C) and Ex2 (0.8°C). L-NAME reduced CVC by 18 ± 20% CVCmax at a ∆Tes of 0.8°C ( P = 0.03) compared with control, whereas Nor-NOHA + BEC augmented CVC by 20 ± 18% CVCmax, on average, throughout heating (both P ≤ 0.03). SR was not influenced by either treatment ( P = 0.80) Thus, arginase inhibition does not modulate CVC or SR during exercise in the heat but, consistent with previous findings, does augment CVC in older men during passive heating. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the current study, we demonstrate that local arginase inhibition does not influence forearm cutaneous vasodilatory and sweating responses in young or older men during exercise-heat stress. Consistent with previous findings, however, we observed augmented cutaneous blood flow with arginase inhibition during whole-body passive heat stress. Thus, arginase differentially affects cutaneous vasodilation depending on the mode of heat stress but does not influence sweating during exercise or passive heating.

Effects of varied air velocity on sweating and evaporative rates during exercise

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 2668-2674 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Adams ◽  
G. W. Mack ◽  
G. W. Langhans ◽  
E. R. Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Sweat Production ◽  
Total Body

This study was designed to determine the extent to which changes in the evaporative power of the environment (Emax) affect sweating and evaporative rates. Six male subjects undertook four 60-min bouts of cycle ergometer exercise at 56% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max).Emax was varied by differences in ambient temperature and airflow; two exercise bouts took place at 24 degrees C and two at 35 degrees C, with air velocity at < 0.2 and 3.0 m/s in both. Total sweat production was estimated from body weight loss, whereas whole body evaporative rate was measured continuously from a Potter beam balance. Body core temperature was measured continuously from a thermocouple in the esophagus (T(es)), with mean skin temperature (Tsk) computed each minute from thermocouples at eight sites. Total body sweat loss was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the 0.2- than in the 3.0-m/s condition at both 24 and 35 degrees C. Tsk was higher (P < 0.05) in the still-air conditions at both temperatures, but final T(es) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in still air only in the 35 degrees C environment. Thus the reduced Emax in still air caused a greater heat storage, thereby stimulating a greater total sweat loss. However, in part because of reduced skin wettedness, the slope of the sweat rate-to-T(es) relation at 35 degrees C in the 3.0-m/s condition was 118% that at 0.2 m/s (P < 0.005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Are circulating cytokine responses to exercise in the heat augmented in older men?

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Wright ◽  
Tom M. McLellan ◽  
Joanie Larose ◽  
Stephen G. Hardcastle ◽  
Pierre Boulay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Cytokine Responses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Older Males

Age-related chronic low-grade inflammation may render older individuals more susceptible to heat illnesses. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of intermittent work in the heat on the circulating cytokine responses of older workers. Fourteen young (aged 25.6 ± 0.7 years) and older (aged 57.7 ± 1.5 years) males, matched for body surface area, cycled for 4 × 15 min (separated by 15-min rest) at moderate to heavy intensity (400 W heat production) in warm/dry (35 °C, 20% relative humidity (RH)) and warm/humid (35 °C, 60% RH) conditions. Rectal (Tre) and mean skin (MTsk) temperatures and heart rate were measured continuously, ratings of perceived exertion and thermal sensation recorded at the end of each exercise bout, and blood samples at baseline (PRE) and following the final 60-min recovery (POST) were analyzed for interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and percent changes in blood (BV) and plasma (PV) volumes. No differences were observed between the age groups for Tre, MTsk, heart rate, perceptual strain, or percentage of changes in BV, PV, or ΔTNF-α. Under both conditions, the older males had elevated IL-6 and TNF-α (PRE, POST) compared with the young males. ΔIL-6 tended to be greater in the warm/humid condition (+2.53 ± 0.49 and +1.52 ± 0.41 pg·mL−1) compared with the warm/dry condition (+1.02 ± 0.13 and +0.68 ± 0.18 pg·mL−1) for older but not young males, respectively. Young and older males experienced similar thermal, cardiovascular, and perceptual strain within the warm/dry and warm/humid conditions.

The effect of extracellular hyperosmolality on sweat rate during metaboreflex activation in passively heated young men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura M. Rutherford ◽  
Ashley P. Akerman ◽  
Robert D. Meade ◽  
Sean R. Notley ◽  
Madison D. Schmidt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Handgrip Exercise ◽  
Isometric Handgrip ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Isometric Handgrip Exercise

Metaboreflex activation augments sweating during mild-to-moderate hyperthermia in euhydrated (isosmotic isovolemic) individuals. Recent work indicates that extracellular hyperosmolality may augment metaboreflex-mediated elevations in sympathetic nervous activity. Our primary objective was therefore to test the hypothesis that extracellular hyperosmolality would exacerbate metaboreflex-mediated increases in sweat rate. On two separate occasions, 12 young men (mean (SD): 25 (5) years) received a 90-min intravenous infusion of either 0.9% saline (isosmotic condition, ISO) or 3.0% saline (hyperosmotic condition, HYP), resulting in a post-infusion serum osmolality of 290 (3) and 301 (7) mOsm/kg, respectively. A whole-body water perfusion suit was then used to increase esophageal temperature by 0.8°C above resting. Participants then performed a metaboreflex activation protocol consisting of 90 s isometric handgrip exercise (40% of their pre-determined maximum voluntary contraction), followed by 150 s of brachial occlusion (trapping produced metabolites within the limb). Metaboreflex-induced sweating was quantified as the change in global sweat rate (from pre-isometric handgrip exercise to brachial occlusion), estimated as the surface area-weighted average of local sweat rate on the abdomen, axilla, chest, bicep, quadriceps, and calf, measured using ventilated capsules (3.8 cm2). We also explored whether this response differed between body regions. The change in global sweat rate due to metaboreflex activation was significantly greater in HYP compared to ISO (0.03 mg/min/cm2 [95% confidence interval: 0.00, 0.06]; p=0.047), but was not modulated by body region (site*condition interaction: p=0.679). These findings indicate that extracellular hyperosmolality augments metaboreflex-induced increases in global sweat rate, with no evidence for region-specific differences.

Oral and Oropharyngeal Sensory Function in Adults With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 864-872
Author(s):  
Fernanda Borowsky da Rosa ◽  
Adriane Schmidt Pasqualoto ◽  
Catriona M. Steele ◽  
Renata Mancopes
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sensory Function ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Copd Patients

Introduction The oral cavity and pharynx have a rich sensory system composed of specialized receptors. The integrity of oropharyngeal sensation is thought to be fundamental for safe and efficient swallowing. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients are at risk for oropharyngeal sensory impairment due to frequent use of inhaled medications and comorbidities including gastroesophageal reflux disease. Objective This study aimed to describe and compare oral and oropharyngeal sensory function measured using noninstrumental clinical methods in adults with COPD and healthy controls. Method Participants included 27 adults (18 men, nine women) with a diagnosis of COPD and a mean age of 66.56 years ( SD = 8.68). The control group comprised 11 healthy adults (five men, six women) with a mean age of 60.09 years ( SD = 11.57). Spirometry measures confirmed reduced functional expiratory volumes (% predicted) in the COPD patients compared to the control participants. All participants completed a case history interview and underwent clinical evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal sensation by a speech-language pathologist. The sensory evaluation explored the detection of tactile and temperature stimuli delivered by cotton swab to six locations in the oral cavity and two in the oropharynx as well as identification of the taste of stimuli administered in 5-ml boluses to the mouth. Analyses explored the frequencies of accurate responses regarding stimulus location, temperature and taste between groups, and between age groups (“≤ 65 years” and “> 65 years”) within the COPD cohort. Results We found significantly higher frequencies of reported use of inhaled medications ( p < .001) and xerostomia ( p = .003) in the COPD cohort. Oral cavity thermal sensation ( p = .009) was reduced in the COPD participants, and a significant age-related decline in gustatory sensation was found in the COPD group ( p = .018). Conclusion This study found that most of the measures of oral and oropharyngeal sensation remained intact in the COPD group. Oral thermal sensation was impaired in individuals with COPD, and reduced gustatory sensation was observed in the older COPD participants. Possible links between these results and the use of inhaled medication by individuals with COPD are discussed.

Age- and sex-related bone uptake of Tc-99m-HDP measured by whole-body bone scanning

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (05) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Sieweke ◽  
K. H. Bohuslavizki ◽  
W. U. Kampen ◽  
M. Zuhayra ◽  
M. Clausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Bone Uptake ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bone Scans ◽  
Body Bone

Summary Aim of this study was to validate a recently introduced new and easy-to-perform method for quantifying bone uptake of Tc-99m-labelled diphosphonate in a routine clinical setting and to establish a normal data base for bone uptake depending on age and gender. Methods: In 49 women (14-79 years) and 47 men (6-89 years) with normal bone scans as well as in 49 women (33-81 years) and 37 men (27-88 years) with metastatic bone disease whole-body bone scans were acquired at 3 min and 3-4 hours p.i. to calculate bone uptake after correction for both urinary excretion and soft tissue retention. Results: Bone uptake values of various age-related subgroups showed no significant differences between men and women (p >0.05 ). Furthermore, no differences could be proven between age-matched subgroups of normals and patients with less than 10 metastatic bone lesions, while patients with wide-spread bone metastases revealed significantly increased uptake values. In both men and women highest bone uptake was obtained (p <0.05 ) in subjects younger than 20 years with active epiphyseal growth plates. In men, bone uptake slowly decreased with age up to 60 years and then showed a tendency towards increasing uptake values. In women, the mean uptake reached a minimun in the decade 20-29 years and then slowly increased with a positive linear correlation of age and uptake in subjects older than 55 years (r = 0.57). Conclusion: Since the results proposed in this study are in good agreement with data from literature, the new method used for quantification could be validated in a large number of patients. Furthermore, age- and sexrelated normal bone uptake values of Tc-99m-HDP covering a wide range of age could be presented for this method as a basis for further studies on bone uptake.

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