Radial widening of the Casparian strip follows induced radial expansion of endodermal cells

Planta ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 213 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Yokoyama ◽  
Ichirou Karahara
Keyword(s):  
Radial Expansion ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells

scholarly journals Two chemically distinct root lignin barriers control solute and water balance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilhem Reyt ◽  
Priya Ramakrishna ◽  
Isai Salas-González ◽  
Satoshi Fujita ◽  
Ashley Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Exogenous Cues ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Complex Polymer ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Lignin Deposition

AbstractLignin is a complex polymer deposited in the cell wall of specialised plant cells, where it provides essential cellular functions. Plants coordinate timing, location, abundance and composition of lignin deposition in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. In roots, a fine band of lignin, the Casparian strip encircles endodermal cells. This forms an extracellular barrier to solutes and water and plays a critical role in maintaining nutrient homeostasis. A signalling pathway senses the integrity of this diffusion barrier and can induce over-lignification to compensate for barrier defects. Here, we report that activation of this endodermal sensing mechanism triggers a transcriptional reprogramming strongly inducing the phenylpropanoid pathway and immune signaling. This leads to deposition of compensatory lignin that is chemically distinct from Casparian strip lignin. We also report that a complete loss of endodermal lignification drastically impacts mineral nutrients homeostasis and plant growth.

Probable sites for passive movement of ions across the endodermis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Dumbroff ◽  
D. R. Peirson
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
The Relationship

The endodermis, with its associated Casparian strip, is generally believed to act as an effective barrier to the passive movement of ions from the cortex to the xylem in young roots. However, several workers have suggested that the functional integrity of the endodermis might be somewhat impaired with the emergence of branch roots from the pericycle, thus providing pathways for the mass flow of water and ions into the stele. The present work was undertaken to examine the validity of this hypothesis.Sections of lateral roots embedded in glycol methacrylate were stained and examined by fluorescence microscopy, and a general picture of the relationship between branch root development and concomitant changes in the endodermis emerged. The endodermal cells of the parent root were found to maintain a continuous, unbroken, suberized layer over the surface of a very young lateral root, but with continued elongation there is a period when formation of the Casparian strip lags behind division of endodermal cells. It appears likely that, at this stage, water and ions can enter the stele of the parent root by mass flow.

Demonstration of a complete Casparian strip in Avena and Ipomoea by a fluorescent staining technique

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1869-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Peirson ◽  
E. B. Dumbroff
Keyword(s):  
Staining Technique ◽  
New Combination ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Fluorescent Staining ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells

A new combination of embedding material and high contrast stain has provided the means for demonstrating, photographically, tangential sections of endodermal cells showing complete Casparian strips.

scholarly journals The MYB36 transcription factor orchestrates Casparian strip formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (33) ◽  
pp. 10533-10538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Kamiya ◽  
Monica Borghi ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
John M. C. Danku ◽  
Lothar Kalmbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Strip Domain ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Respiratory Burst Oxidase ◽  
Strip Formation

The endodermis in roots acts as a selectivity filter for nutrient and water transport essential for growth and development. This selectivity is enabled by the formation of lignin-based Casparian strips. Casparian strip formation is initiated by the localization of the Casparian strip domain proteins (CASPs) in the plasma membrane, at the site where the Casparian strip will form. Localized CASPs recruit Peroxidase 64 (PER64), a Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog F, and Enhanced Suberin 1 (ESB1), a dirigent-like protein, to assemble the lignin polymerization machinery. However, the factors that control both expression of the genes encoding this biosynthetic machinery and its localization to the Casparian strip formation site remain unknown. Here, we identify the transcription factor, MYB36, essential for Casparian strip formation. MYB36 directly and positively regulates the expression of the Casparian strip genes CASP1, PER64, and ESB1. Casparian strips are absent in plants lacking a functional MYB36 and are replaced by ectopic lignin-like material in the corners of endodermal cells. The barrier function of Casparian strips in these plants is also disrupted. Significantly, ectopic expression of MYB36 in the cortex is sufficient to reprogram these cells to start expressing CASP1–GFP, correctly localize the CASP1–GFP protein to form a Casparian strip domain, and deposit a Casparian strip-like structure in the cell wall at this location. These results demonstrate that MYB36 is controlling expression of the machinery required to locally polymerize lignin in a fine band in the cell wall for the formation of the Casparian strip.

scholarly journals OsCASP1 is required for Casparian strip formation at endodermal cells of rice roots for selective uptake of mineral elements

2019 ◽  
pp. tpc.00296.2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
Naoki Yamaji ◽  
Sheng Huang ◽  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Mingxing Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Selective Uptake ◽  
Rice Roots ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Strip Formation

Ultrastructural and functional similarity of the haustorial neckband of rust fungi and the Casparian strip of vascular plants

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (21) ◽  
pp. 2484-2489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michèle C. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Rust Fungi ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Transport Barrier ◽  
Intact Cells ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Disulphonic Acid ◽  
Endodermal Cells

In susceptible hosts infected with rust fungi, an osmiophilic band, bridging the interface between host and parasite, is usually observed about midway along the haustorial neck. This neckband bears certain ultrastructural resemblances to the Casparian strip of endodermal cells, and the possible similarity in function as a barrier to apoplastic transport was investigated using 4-acetamido, 4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2, 2′-disulphonic acid (SITS) and uranyl acetate solutions. Both these reagents appeared to travel along host and fungal walls but did not readily penetrate the protoplasts of either organism.When rust-infected cowpea leaves were infiltrated with SITS reagent, haustoria in broken cells fluoresced as brightly as the walls of both intercellular hyphae and host cells. Mature haustoria in intact cells, however, did not fluoresce, suggesting the presence of a barrier to the flow of reagent to the haustorium. When rusted corn leaves were allowed to take up uranyl acetate solution, the ultrastructural distribution of uranyl crystals indicated that this barrier was, indeed, the neckband, and additional circumstantial evidence for the function of this structure was provided by indications from both techniques that the transport barrier was absent from very young haustoria; the latter have previously been shown to lack an ultrastructurally detectable neckband during the early stages of their development.These results appear to confirm the functional, as well as morphological, similarity of the haustorial neckband and the Casparian strip, and these, therefore, present an unusual example of parallel evolution at the structural and functional level. The importance of such a barrier to apoplastic transport in haustoria-producing fungi is discussed.

scholarly journals Overexpression of OsCASP1 Improves Calcium Tolerance in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 6002
Author(s):  
Zhigang Wang ◽  
Zhiwei Chen ◽  
Xiang Zhang ◽  
Qiuxing Wei ◽  
Yafeng Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Essential Metals ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Endodermal Cell ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Strip Domain ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Apoplastic Barrier ◽  
Apoplastic Pathway ◽  
Endodermal Cells

The Casparian strip domain protein 1 (OsCASP1) is necessary for the formation of the Casparian strip (CS) in the rice endodermis. It also controls Ca2+ transport to the stele. Here, we demonstrated that OsCASP1 overexpression enhanced Ca tolerance in rice. Under normal conditions, OsCASP1-overexpressed lines showed similar concentrations of essential metals in the roots and shoots compared to the wild type, while under high Ca conditions, Ca in the roots, shoots, and xylem sap of the OsCASP1-overexpressed lines was significantly decreased. This did not apply to other essential metals. Ca-inhibited growth was significantly alleviated in the OsCASP1-overexpressed lines. Furthermore, OsCASP1 overexpression resulted in earlier formation of both the CS and functional apoplastic barrier in the endodermis but did not induce ectopic CS formation in non-endodermal cell layers and affect suberin accumulation in the endodermis. These results indicate that the overexpression of OsCASP1 promotes CS formation in endodermal cells and inhibits Ca2+ transport by the apoplastic pathway, restricting Ca accumulation in the roots and shoots under high Ca conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that OsCASP1 overexpression is an effective way to improve rice adaptation to high Ca environments.

scholarly journals Schengen-pathway controls spatially separated and chemically distinct lignin deposition in the endodermis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilhem Reyt ◽  
Priya Ramakrishna ◽  
Isai Salas-González ◽  
Satoshi Fujita ◽  
Ashley Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Exogenous Cues ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Complex Polymer ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Lignin Deposition

ABSTRACTLignin is a complex polymer precisely deposited in the cell wall of specialised plant cells, where it provides essential cellular functions. Plants coordinate timing, location, abundance and composition of lignin deposition in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. In roots, a fine band of lignin, the Casparian strip encircles endodermal cells. This forms an extracellular barrier to solutes and water and plays a critical role in maintaining nutrient homeostasis. A signalling pathway senses the integrity of this diffusion barrier and can induce over-lignification to compensate for barrier defects. Here, we report that activation of this endodermal sensing mechanism triggers a transcriptional reprogramming strongly inducing the phenylpropanoid pathway and immune signaling. This leads to deposition of compensatory lignin that is chemically distinct from Casparian strip lignin. We also report that a complete loss of endodermal lignification drastically impacts mineral nutrients homeostasis and plant growth.

scholarly journals Laccase3-based extracellular domain provides possible positional information for directing Casparian strip formation inArabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (27) ◽  
pp. 15400-15402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Zhuang ◽  
Daqing Zuo ◽  
Yihan Tao ◽  
Huaqing Cai ◽  
Lei Li
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Extracellular Domain ◽  
Multicopper Oxidase ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Membrane Domain ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Strip Formation

The Casparian strip (CS) is a tight junction-like structure formed by lignin impregnation on the walls of endodermal cells in plant roots. The CS membrane domain (CSDM), demarked by the CASP proteins, is important for orienting lignification enzymes. Here, we report that an endodermis-expressed multicopper oxidase, LACCASE3 (LAC3) inArabidopsis, locates to the interface between lignin domains and the cell wall during early CS development prior to CASP1 localizing to CSDMand eventually flanks the mature CS. Pharmacological perturbation of LAC3 causes dispersed localization of CASP1 and compensatory ectopic lignification. These results support the existence of a LAC3-based CS wall domain which coordinates with CSDMto provide bidirectional positional information that guides precise CS lignification.

The root endodermis in Ranunculus acris. I. Structure and ontogeny

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Scott ◽  
R. L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Secondary Development ◽  
Wall Material ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Ranunculus Acris ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Root Endodermis

The root endodermis in Ranunculus acris was investigated using light and transmission electron microscopy to obtain a more complete picture of endodermal development in a dicotyledonous species. Following the formation of a lateral bulge in anticlinal walls of proendodermal cells, portions of the plasma membrane became tenaciously associated with the primary wall material. The plasma membrane in the zone of the Casparian band appeared extremely electron dense and displayed a distinct tripartite organization. Cytoplasm of primary stage endodermal cells contained Golgi bodies with associated vesicles, lipid-like droplets, and multivesicular bodies containing membrane-enclosed vesicles. Cellulose microfibrils in the radial walls of endodermal cells became impregnated with an osmiophilic substance possibly through the incorporation of paramural bodies at a ledge-like invagination of the plasma membrane on either side of the Casparian strip. It is proposed that the intense organelle activity in the vicinity of the Casparian strip could signify an early stage of suberin lamellae synthesis. Between 8 and 10 suberin lamellae were laid down on radial and tangential walls of those endodermal cells which underwent secondary development, with the heaviest deposition occurring in the region of the Casparian strip. The parallel orientation of the suberin lamellae was frequently disrupted by electron-dense 'platelets' and small granules. A fibrillar suberin-like material was found in dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum located adjacent to areas of deposition. Nuclei, membranous configurations, mitochondria, plastids, and other cytoplasmic organelles were found to persist in tertiary stage endodermal cells. Histochemistry and SEM showed that the mature endodermal wall complex of field-grown plants was comprised of alternating bands of cellulose, lignin, and possibly, suberin.

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