Demonstration of a complete Casparian strip in Avena and Ipomoea by a fluorescent staining technique

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1869-1871 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Peirson ◽  
E. B. Dumbroff
Keyword(s):  
Staining Technique ◽  
New Combination ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Fluorescent Staining ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells

A new combination of embedding material and high contrast stain has provided the means for demonstrating, photographically, tangential sections of endodermal cells showing complete Casparian strips.

scholarly journals The MYB36 transcription factor orchestrates Casparian strip formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (33) ◽  
pp. 10533-10538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Kamiya ◽  
Monica Borghi ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
John M. C. Danku ◽  
Lothar Kalmbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Strip Domain ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Respiratory Burst Oxidase ◽  
Strip Formation

The endodermis in roots acts as a selectivity filter for nutrient and water transport essential for growth and development. This selectivity is enabled by the formation of lignin-based Casparian strips. Casparian strip formation is initiated by the localization of the Casparian strip domain proteins (CASPs) in the plasma membrane, at the site where the Casparian strip will form. Localized CASPs recruit Peroxidase 64 (PER64), a Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog F, and Enhanced Suberin 1 (ESB1), a dirigent-like protein, to assemble the lignin polymerization machinery. However, the factors that control both expression of the genes encoding this biosynthetic machinery and its localization to the Casparian strip formation site remain unknown. Here, we identify the transcription factor, MYB36, essential for Casparian strip formation. MYB36 directly and positively regulates the expression of the Casparian strip genes CASP1, PER64, and ESB1. Casparian strips are absent in plants lacking a functional MYB36 and are replaced by ectopic lignin-like material in the corners of endodermal cells. The barrier function of Casparian strips in these plants is also disrupted. Significantly, ectopic expression of MYB36 in the cortex is sufficient to reprogram these cells to start expressing CASP1–GFP, correctly localize the CASP1–GFP protein to form a Casparian strip domain, and deposit a Casparian strip-like structure in the cell wall at this location. These results demonstrate that MYB36 is controlling expression of the machinery required to locally polymerize lignin in a fine band in the cell wall for the formation of the Casparian strip.

scholarly journals Two chemically distinct root lignin barriers control solute and water balance

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilhem Reyt ◽  
Priya Ramakrishna ◽  
Isai Salas-González ◽  
Satoshi Fujita ◽  
Ashley Love ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Transcriptional Reprogramming ◽  
Exogenous Cues ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Complex Polymer ◽  
Nutrient Homeostasis ◽  
Lignin Deposition

AbstractLignin is a complex polymer deposited in the cell wall of specialised plant cells, where it provides essential cellular functions. Plants coordinate timing, location, abundance and composition of lignin deposition in response to endogenous and exogenous cues. In roots, a fine band of lignin, the Casparian strip encircles endodermal cells. This forms an extracellular barrier to solutes and water and plays a critical role in maintaining nutrient homeostasis. A signalling pathway senses the integrity of this diffusion barrier and can induce over-lignification to compensate for barrier defects. Here, we report that activation of this endodermal sensing mechanism triggers a transcriptional reprogramming strongly inducing the phenylpropanoid pathway and immune signaling. This leads to deposition of compensatory lignin that is chemically distinct from Casparian strip lignin. We also report that a complete loss of endodermal lignification drastically impacts mineral nutrients homeostasis and plant growth.

The fluorescent staining of a mycobacteriophage (C2) nucleic acid

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Acridine Orange ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Fluorescent Staining ◽  
Green Fluorescence ◽  
Acridine Orange Staining ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristic ◽  
Phage Dna ◽  
Acid Dnase

By using the acridine orange staining technique a green fluorescence, characteristic of double-stranded nucleic acid, can be observed with purified preparations of mycobacteriophage C2 and its extracted nucleic acid. DNAse-treated samples do not show this fluorescence, which leads to the conclusion that this fluorescence is associated with phage DNA. Examination of preparations of phage grown in the presence of acridine orange supported these results.

scholarly journals Anatomy of pneumatophore of Mauritia vinifera mart

2000 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira ◽  
Maria Elisa Ribeiro Calbo ◽  
Claiton Juvenir Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Root Cap ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Vascular Cylinder ◽  
Intercellular Spaces ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells

Pneumatophores of Mauritia vinifera Mart. were collected from six month-old plants maintained submerged in fresh water to induce pneumatophore formation. Twenty day-old pneumatophores had a quite prominent root cap. The epidermis was composed of hexagonal cells, tangentially distributed along the cylindric surface of the organ. In transverse section these pneumatophores had a simple epidermis over several layers of sclerified parenchyma, which covered an aerenchyma with large intercellular spaces. The endodermal cells had Casparian strips. The vascular cylinder was polyarch, with a pith and surrounded by a unisseriate pericycle. Anatomically the 4 month-old pneumatophores were similar to the younger ones, except for the absence of the epidermis. The epidermis is replaced by a protective tissue, whose lignified and suberized cells projected themselves outwards, giving it a filamentous aspect. There was no accumulation of starch or tannins in the pneumatophores, except for the presence of statoliths in the root cap. No lenticels were observed in pneumatophores of M. vinifera. The main function of the pneumatophores of M. vinifera is to allow gas exchange, facilitating the supply of oxygen to the submerged root portions.

Probable sites for passive movement of ions across the endodermis

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Dumbroff ◽  
D. R. Peirson
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Mass Flow ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Passive Movement ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Effective Barrier ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
The Relationship

The endodermis, with its associated Casparian strip, is generally believed to act as an effective barrier to the passive movement of ions from the cortex to the xylem in young roots. However, several workers have suggested that the functional integrity of the endodermis might be somewhat impaired with the emergence of branch roots from the pericycle, thus providing pathways for the mass flow of water and ions into the stele. The present work was undertaken to examine the validity of this hypothesis.Sections of lateral roots embedded in glycol methacrylate were stained and examined by fluorescence microscopy, and a general picture of the relationship between branch root development and concomitant changes in the endodermis emerged. The endodermal cells of the parent root were found to maintain a continuous, unbroken, suberized layer over the surface of a very young lateral root, but with continued elongation there is a period when formation of the Casparian strip lags behind division of endodermal cells. It appears likely that, at this stage, water and ions can enter the stele of the parent root by mass flow.

Radial widening of the Casparian strip follows induced radial expansion of endodermal cells

Planta ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 213 (3) ◽  
pp. 474-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Yokoyama ◽  
Ichirou Karahara
Keyword(s):  
Radial Expansion ◽  
Casparian Strip ◽  
Endodermal Cells

The anatomy of the leaf of red pine, Pinus resinosa. II. Vascular tissues

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2804-2824 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Gambles ◽  
R. E. Dengler
Keyword(s):  
Cell Walls ◽  
Cell Shape ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Vascular Tissues ◽  
Transfusion Tissue ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells ◽  
Symplastic Pathway ◽  
Anatomy And Ultrastructure ◽  
Lateral Bundle

The anatomy and ultrastructure of the endodermis and enclosed vascular tissues of the midregion of the mature secondary needle-leaf of Pinus resinosa are described. Within the uniseriate endodermis are two vascular traces surrounded by transfusion tissue. The endodermal cells have differentially thickened walls which lack Casparian strips but are lignified. Plasmodesmata traversing pit regions form a symplastic interconnection between mesophyll, endodermal, and transfusion parenchyma cells. In the lateral bundle region plasmodesmata extend this symplastic pathway across the cell walls of subjacent transfusion parenchyma and richly protoplasmic albuminous cells to the metaphloem. Four distinct types of transfusion tracheids have been defined on the basis of cell shape and location. Transfusion tracheids in the lateral bundle regions form direct radial connections between metaxylem and endodermis.

scholarly journals GDSL-domain containing proteins mediate suberin biosynthesis and degradation, enabling developmental plasticity of the endodermis during lateral root emergence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robertas Ursache ◽  
Cristovao De Jesus Vieira-Teixeira ◽  
Valérie Dénervaud Tendon ◽  
Kay Gully ◽  
Damien De Bellis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Transcriptional Response ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Suberin Lamellae ◽  
Casparian Strips ◽  
Endodermal Cells

ABSTRACTRoots anchor plants and deliver water and nutrients from the soil. The root endodermis provides the crucial extracellular diffusion barrier by setting up a supracellular network of lignified cell walls, called Casparian strips, supported by a subsequent formation of suberin lamellae. Whereas lignification is thought to be irreversible, formation of suberin lamellae was demonstrated to be dynamic, facilitating adaptation to different soil conditions. Plants shape their root system through the regulated formation of lateral roots emerging from within the endodermis, requiring local breaking and re-sealing of the endodermal diffusion barriers. Here, we show that differentiated endodermal cells have a distinct auxin-mediated transcriptional response that regulates cell wall remodelling. Based on this data set we identify a set of GDSL-lipases that are essential for suberin formation. Moreover, we find that another set of GDSL-lipases mediates suberin degradation, which enables the developmental plasticity of the endodermis required for normal lateral root emergence.

scholarly journals A fluorescent staining technique for studying vascularity and angiogenesis in interdigitated maternal and fetal villi of sheep placenta

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale A Redmer ◽  
Sheri T Dorsam ◽  
Anna T Grazul‐Bilska ◽  
Pawel P Borowicz
Keyword(s):  
Staining Technique ◽  
Fluorescent Staining
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