Do Peacock butterflies ( Inachis io L.) detect and prefer nectar amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds?

Oecologia ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Erhardt ◽  
Hans-Peter Rusterholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Inachis Io ◽  
Nectar Amino Acids

Can Inachis io detect nectar amino acids at low concentrations?

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mevi-Schutz ◽  
A. Erhardt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Inachis Io ◽  
Nectar Amino Acids

Gastrointestinal Interaction between Dietary Amino Acids and Gut Microbiota: With Special Emphasis on Host Nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 785-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abedin Abdallah ◽  
Evera Elemba ◽  
Qingzhen Zhong ◽  
Zewei Sun
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutrition And Health ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of humans and animals is host to a complex community of different microorganisms whose activities significantly influence host nutrition and health through enhanced metabolic capabilities, protection against pathogens, and regulation of the gastrointestinal development and immune system. New molecular technologies and concepts have revealed distinct interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary amino acids (AAs) especially in relation to AA metabolism and utilization in resident bacteria in the digestive tract, and these interactions may play significant roles in host nutrition and health as well as the efficiency of dietary AA supplementation. After the protein is digested and AAs and peptides are absorbed in the small intestine, significant levels of endogenous and exogenous nitrogenous compounds enter the large intestine through the ileocaecal junction. Once they move in the colonic lumen, these compounds are not markedly absorbed by the large intestinal mucosa, but undergo intense proteolysis by colonic microbiota leading to the release of peptides and AAs and result in the production of numerous bacterial metabolites such as ammonia, amines, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs), hydrogen sulfide, organic acids, and phenols. These metabolites influence various signaling pathways in epithelial cells, regulate the mucosal immune system in the host, and modulate gene expression of bacteria which results in the synthesis of enzymes associated with AA metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current literature relating to how the interactions between dietary amino acids and gut microbiota may promote host nutrition and health.

On the Nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton IV. The forms of nitrogen excreted By Calanus

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. S. Corner ◽  
B. S. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Long Island Sound ◽  
Acartia Tonsa ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
Experimental Density ◽  
Island Sound ◽  
Calanus Helgolandicus

A study has been made of the nitrogenous compounds excreted by Calanus helgolandicus (Claus) collected at Plymouth.Most of the excreted nitrogen is in the form of ammonia which accounts for 60–100% (average 74.3%) of the total, and some of the remainder may be lost as urea. There is no evidence for the excretion of measurable amounts of amino acids.Whether the animals are starved or fed they are primarily ammonotelic, and the quantity of ammonia produced at 10° C (3.33 μg/g. dry body wt/day) is not significantly changed when the animals are used at an abnormally high experimental density. This latter condition does, however, lead to the production of large quantities of additional nitrogenous substances that give a positive reaction with ninhydrin.IntroductionThe amounts of nitrogen excreted by zooplankton have been measured by several workers. Harris (1959) used the method of Riley (1953) to estimate the copious quantities of ammonia produced by animals (mainly Acartia tonsa and A. clausi) collected from Long Island Sound; Beers (1964), in laboratory experiments with the chaetognath Sagitta hispida, estimated the excreted ammonia by the procedure of Kruse & Mellon (1952); and Corner, Cowey & Marshall (1965) determined the ammonia excreted by Calanus helgolandicus and C. finmarchicus, using a ninhydrin technique described by Moore & Stein (1954). The methods employed by Harris and by Beers are specific for ammonia: that used by Corner et al. estimates nitrogenous substances (e.g. amino acids) in addition to ammonia, but certain tests were made which seemed to exclude the possibility that these substances contributed significantly to the nitrogen excreted by the animals.

THE OXIDATION OF ESTRONE-16-C14BY PEROXIDASE

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 459-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Jellinck ◽  
Louise Irwin
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Serum Albumin ◽  
Oxidase Activity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Other ◽  
Aerobic Incubation ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Initial Generation

Aerobic incubation of estrone-16-C14with peroxidase in the presence of serum albumin and other proteins resulted in the formation of water-soluble, ether-insoluble metabolites in high percentage yields. Similar products were formed when protein was replaced by cysteine or tryptophan but none of the other amino acids tested had any effect. The evidence points to an initial generation of hydrogen peroxide from these nitrogenous compounds by the enzyme acting as an aerobic oxidase, and the subsequent peroxidation of estrone to highly reactive products. These then combine with the protein or amino acid or else undergo alternative reactions. A strong chemical bond is formed with albumin and attempts to release the estrone metabolites from it were unsuccessful. Uterine homogenates from estrogen-treated rats showing high DPNH oxidase activity contained no "peroxidase" as measured by the formation of water-soluble products from estrone in the presence of protein.

Limits to Protein in Layer Diets Relative to Mitigating Ammonia Emission

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Veens ◽  
Hwan Namkung ◽  
Steven Leeson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
Microbial Conversion ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Intact Proteins ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
The Usa

Ammonia emissions from poultry farms currently contribute to air pollution and acid rain. There are no regulations in North America regarding emissions of ammonia although regulations are being drawn up in the USA and there is concern about the impacts of animal agricultural on the environment. Low crude protein (CP) diets can be an effective contributor to strategies of ammonia mitigation. Since virtually all ammonia originates from nitrogenous compounds in feed, then any attempt at ammonia mitigation must involve scrutiny of the levels of nitrogen, protein and amino acids (AA). Reducing dietary nitrogen/CP leads to reduced nitrogen in the excreta with less potential for microbial conversion to ammonia. Using low CP diets may be an economical strategy for ammonia emissions since the concept involves no special feed additives other than replacement AAs. Although AA requirements for layer hens are well known, the minimal amount of CP required is less clearly defined. AA requirements should be independent of diet CP, assuming there is adequate nitrogen for protein synthesis. However, the birds/ response in terms of reduced egg numbers and growth or change in egg composition, suggest that our estimates of amino acid supply are incorrect under these dietary regimes. Independent of bird age and AA supply, more problems are recorded when CP levels are <14-15%. It is timely to redefine the maintenance AA requirements of layers. Since the composition of eggs should give us direct estimates of needs for production, the only other unknown in formulating low CP diets is the efficiency of utilisation of free amino acids versus intact proteins.

scholarly journals Diversity of nectar amino acids in the Fritillaria (Liliaceae) genus: ecological and evolutionary implications

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Roguz ◽  
Andrzej Bajguz ◽  
Magdalena Chmur ◽  
Agnieszka Gołębiewska ◽  
Agata Roguz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Ecological Research ◽  
Ecological Context ◽  
Floral Nectar ◽  
Pollen Vectors ◽  
Protein Amino Acids ◽  
First Time ◽  
Nectar Amino Acids

Abstract Nectar is considered to be a primary food reward for most pollinators. It mostly contains sugars, but also has amino acids. The significance of the concentration and composition of amino acids in nectar is often less understood than that of its volume, sugar concentration and composition. However, there is a trend towards a broader approach in ecological research, which helps to understand nectar properties in an ecological context. The genus Fritillaria, exhibiting great diversity in flower morphology, nectar composition, and dominant pollinators, allows for the possibility to study some of the above. We studied the concentration and composition of amino acids in the nectar of 38 Fritillaria species attracting different groups of pollen vectors (bees, flies, passerines, and hummingbirds). The flowers of fritillaries produced nectar with a varying composition and concentration of amino acids. These differences were mostly associated with the pollinator type. The nectar of passerine bird-pollinated species was rich in amino acids, whereas humming bird-pollinated produced low amino acid nectar. Contrary to previous reports nectar of the insect-pollinated species did not contain a higher amount of proline. Two non-protein amino acids, sarcosine and norvaline, were detected in the floral nectar for the first time.

THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS ON GROWTH OF PYTHIUM SPECIES

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Agnihotri ◽  
O. Vaartaja
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Surface Culture ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Chromatographic Techniques ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
N Compounds

The utilization of N compounds by P. ultimum Trow (strain I and II), P. rostratum Butler, and P. irregulare Buisman was examined in a chemically denned medium under controlled conditions in surface culture. All species were able to metabolize nitrate, ammonium, and organic nitrogen, and the amount of growth varied with the nitrogen source. In general, yeast extract, peptone, glycine, serine, histidine, cysteine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid supported favorable growth, whereas γ-aminobutyric acid, threonine, and alanine supported poor growth of these fungi. The addition of succinic acid at 0.02 M concentration to ammonium compounds further increased growth of four isolates.Preferential utilization of amino acids from a given mixture was recorded using paper chromatographic techniques. All four isolates gave more vegetative growth on mixtures of amino acids than when they were supplied singly.

scholarly journals Dynamic aspects of ammonia and urea metabolism in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Nolan ◽  
R. A. Leng
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Urea Metabolism ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Lower Digestive Tract

1. To obtain a quantitative model for nitrogen pathways in sheep, a study of ammonia and urea metabolism was made by using isotope dilution techniques with [15N]ammonium sulphate and [15N]urea and [14C]urea.2. Single injection and continuous infusion techniques of isotope dilution were used for measuring ammonia and urea entry rates.3. Sheep were given 33 g of chaffed lucerne hay every hour; the mean dietary N intake was 23.4 g/d.4. It was estimated that 59% of the dietary N was digested in the reticulo-rumen; 29% of the digested N was utilized as amino acids by the micro-organisms, and 71% was degraded to ammonia.5. Of the 14.2 g N/d entering the ruminal ammonia pool, 9.9 g N/d left and did not return to the pool, the difference of 4.3 g N/d represented recycling, largely within the rumen itself (through the pathways: ruminal ammonia → microbial protein → amino acids → ammonia).6. Urea was synthesized in the body at a rate of 18.4 g N/d from 2.0 g N/d of ammonia absorbed through the rumen wall and 16.4 g N/d apparently arising from deamination of amino acids and ammonia absorbed from the lower digestive tract.7. In the 24 h after intraruminal injection of [15N]ammonium salt, 40–50% of the N entering the plasma urea pool arose from ruminal ammonia; 26% of the15N injected was excreted in urinary N.8. Although 5.1g N/d as urea was degraded apparently in the digestive tract, only 1.2g N/d appeared in ruminal ammonia; it is suggested that the remainder may have been degraded in the lower digestive tract.9. A large proportion of the urea N entering the digestive tract is apparently degraded and absorbed and the ammonia incorporated in the pools of nitrogenous compounds that turn over only slowly. This may be a mechanism for the continuous supply to the liver of ammonia for these syntheses.10. There was incorporation of15N into bacterial fractions isolated from rumen contents after intraruminal and intravenous administration of [15N]ammonium salts and [15N]urea respectively.11. A model for N pathways in sheep is proposed and, for this diet, many of the pool sizes and turn-over rates have been either deduced or estimated directly.

Investigations of growth-promoting factors in conditioned soybean root cells and in the liquid medium in which they grow: ammonium, glutamine, and amino acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
pp. 1747-1755 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Sargent ◽  
J. King
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Root Cells ◽  
Nitrogenous Compounds ◽  
Soybean Root ◽  
Haplopappus Gracilis ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Cells Cultured

Cells cultured in sterile, liquid media from a number of Phaseolus spp., soybean cotyledons, shoots, and roots and from rice explants grew, in terms of dry-weight increase, much better in the presence of NH4+ and NO3− as sources of nitrogen than with NO3− alone. Other cultures tested, including other legumes, either did not respond positively to added NH4+ or, as in the case of Haplopappus gracilis cells, grew better in its absence.Earlier it had been shown that soybean (Glycine max. L. cv. Mandarin) root cells grew better in the presence of NH4+ than in its absence and that 'conditioning' substances were produced by cells and excreted into the medium between about the 15th and 35th h of incubation. These observations and those above with other cell cultures led to the initiation of an investigation of why some cells respond to NH4+ while others do not.This investigation has so far taken the form of an analysis of nitrogenous compounds in soybean root cells and in the NH4+-containing medium in which they were grown during 120 h of incubation and especially after 24 h of incubation, the time of maximum production of growth-enhancing ability in both cells and medium.Growth enhancement can be accounted for, apparently, by the occurrence of residual NH4+ in conditioned medium and by the presumed occurrence of NH4+ in cells. However, glutamine and its derivatives are implicated in the conditioning process.

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