scholarly journals The selective sequestration of glucosinolates by the cabbage aphid severely impacts a predatory lacewing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruo Sun ◽  
Xingcong Jiang ◽  
Michael Reichelt ◽  
Jonathan Gershenzon ◽  
Daniel Giddings Vassão
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Cabbage Aphid ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Aliphatic Glucosinolates ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Management Approaches ◽  
Brassicaceae Family

AbstractThe cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a notorious agricultural pest that specializes on plants of the Brassicaceae family, which are chemically defended by glucosinolates. By sequestering glucosinolates from its host plants and producing its own activating enzyme (myrosinase), this aphid employs a self-defense system against enemies paralleling that in plants. However, we know little about the metabolic fate of individual glucosinolates during aphid sequestration and activation and about the biochemical effects of this defense on aphid enemies. Here, we probed these questions focusing on B. brassicae and a predatory lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. We found that distinct glucosinolates were accumulated by B. brassicae at different rates, with aliphatic glucosinolates being taken up more quickly than indolic ones. B. brassicae myrosinase enzymatic activities toward different glucosinolates were strongly correlated to their rates of accumulation in vivo. Surprisingly, after simulated predation, the production of toxic isothiocyanate products (ITCs) was quantitatively outweighed by less toxic products such as nitriles and ITC-conjugates. Nevertheless, the defensive cocktails significantly impaired C. carnea development. Tissue-specific quantification of glucosinolate metabolites revealed that the lacewings employ both conjugation and mobilization to reduce the toxicity of aliphatic ITCs, but these strategies were only partially effective. These results clarify the metabolic fates of glucosinolates after sequestration by an aphid herbivore and further in a higher trophic level, as well as the consequences for predator survival and development, and might be instructive for integrative pest management approaches targeting the cabbage aphid.

scholarly journals Aη-α and Aη-β peptides impair LTP ex vivo within the low nanomolar range and impact neuronal activity in vivo

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Mensch ◽  
Jade Dunot ◽  
Sandy M. Yishan ◽  
Samuel S. Harris ◽  
Aline Blistein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
App Processing ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Hippocampal Network

Abstract Background Amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing is central to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology. As early cognitive alterations in AD are strongly correlated to abnormal information processing due to increasing synaptic impairment, it is crucial to characterize how peptides generated through APP cleavage modulate synapse function. We previously described a novel APP processing pathway producing η-secretase-derived peptides (Aη) and revealed that Aη–α, the longest form of Aη produced by η-secretase and α-secretase cleavage, impaired hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) ex vivo and neuronal activity in vivo. Methods With the intention of going beyond this initial observation, we performed a comprehensive analysis to further characterize the effects of both Aη-α and the shorter Aη-β peptide on hippocampus function using ex vivo field electrophysiology, in vivo multiphoton calcium imaging, and in vivo electrophysiology. Results We demonstrate that both synthetic peptides acutely impair LTP at low nanomolar concentrations ex vivo and reveal the N-terminus to be a primary site of activity. We further show that Aη-β, like Aη–α, inhibits neuronal activity in vivo and provide confirmation of LTP impairment by Aη–α in vivo. Conclusions These results provide novel insights into the functional role of the recently discovered η-secretase-derived products and suggest that Aη peptides represent important, pathophysiologically relevant, modulators of hippocampal network activity, with profound implications for APP-targeting therapeutic strategies in AD.

scholarly journals In vitro and in vivo resistance of Leishmania infantum to meglumine antimoniate: a study of 37 strains collected from patients with visceral leishmaniasis.

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Faraut-Gambarelli ◽  
R Piarroux ◽  
M Deniau ◽  
B Giusiano ◽  
P Marty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Leishmania Parasites ◽  
Immunocompetent Patients

Primary and secondary unresponsiveness to meglumine has long been described in human visceral leishmaniasis. However, no studies have been performed to elucidate if these therapeutic failures were due to strain variability in meglumine sensitivity or were related to host factors. We have studied the in vitro sensitivity of 37 strains of Leishmania infantum isolated from 23 patients (11 human immunodeficiency virus-infected and 12 immunocompetent patients) with visceral leishmaniasis. Sensitivity tests were performed by infecting murine macrophages with Leishmania parasites and culturing them in medium containing different concentrations of meglumine. For each test we calculated a 50% effective dose (ED50) corresponding to the meglumine concentration at which 50% of the Leishmania parasites survived. In vitro results were strongly correlated to immediate clinical outcome. All strains requiring an ED50 of >70 microg/ml were related to therapeutic failures, whereas all strains requiring an ED50 of <40 microg/ml corresponded to an initial efficiency of meglumine. Among those patients who were initially improved, relapses occurred in all immunocompromised patients and in most immunocompetent patients who had a short duration of treatment (15 days). Finally, we found that in vitro sensitivity of strains decreased progressively in relapsing patients treated with meglumine. Consequently, the physician may be encouraged to alternate meglumine with other treatments such as amphotericin B or pentamidine, especially in the case of relapsing patients.

scholarly journals Exploring the Relationships Between Hemodynamic Stresses in the Carotid Arteries

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Ziegler ◽  
Jesper Alfraeus ◽  
Elin Good ◽  
Jan Engvall ◽  
Ebo de Muinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vessel Wall ◽  
Carotid Arteries ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Atherosclerotic Plaques ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
4D Flow ◽  
Bifurcation Angle

Background: Atherosclerosis manifests as a focal disease, often affecting areas with complex hemodynamics such as the carotid bifurcation. The magnitude and regularity of the hemodynamic shear stresses acting on the vessel wall are thought to generate risk patterns unique to each patient and play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The involvement of different expressions of shear stress in the pathogenesis of carotid atherosclerosis highlights the need to characterize and compare the differential impact of the various expressions of shear stress in the atherosclerotic carotid bifurcation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to characterize and compare hemodynamic wall shear stresses (WSS) in the carotid arteries of subjects with asymptomatic atherosclerotic plaques. Shear stresses were also compared against vessel diameter and bifurcation angle to examine the relationships with the geometry of the carotid bifurcation.Methods: 4D Flow MRI and contrast-enhanced MRA data were acquired for 245 subjects with atherosclerotic plaques of at least 2.7 mm in conjunction with the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS). Following automatic segmentation and geometric analysis, time-resolved WSS and near-wall turbulent kinetic energy (nwTKE) were derived from the 4D Flow data. Whole-cycle parameters including time-averaged WSS and nwTKE, and the oscillatory shear index (OSI) were calculated. Pairwise Spearman rank-correlation analyses were used to investigate relationships among the hemodynamic as well as geometric parameters.Results: One hundred and seventy nine subjects were successfully segmented using automated tools and subsequently geometric and hemodynamic analyses were performed. Temporally resolved WSS and nwTKE were strongly correlated, ρ = 0.64. Cycle-averaged WSS and nwTKE were moderately correlated, ρ = 0.57. Cycle-average nwTKE was weakly correlated to OSI (ρ = −0.273), revealing that nwTKE provides information about disturbed flow on the vessel wall that OSI does not. In this cohort, there was large inter-individual variation for both WSS and nwTKE. Both WSS and nwTKE varied most within the external carotid artery. WSS, nwTKE, and OSI were weakly correlated to vessel diameter and bifurcation angle.Conclusion: The turbulent and mean component of WSS were examined together in vivo for the first time, and a strong correlation was found between them. nwTKE presents the opportunity to quantify turbulent wall stresses in vivo and gain insight into the effects of disturbed flow on the vessel wall. Neither vessel diameter nor bifurcation angle were found to be strongly correlated to the turbulent or mean component of WSS in this cohort.

Biochemical Effects of Cerebral Ischemia: Relevance To Migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
KMA Welch ◽  
JA Helpern ◽  
JR Ewing ◽  
WM Robertson ◽  
G D'Andrea
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Spreading Depression ◽  
Metabolic Depression ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Phosphate Metabolism ◽  
Biochemical Effects ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Intracranial Circulation

Although decreased CBF has now been reported during the prodrome of migraine, the cause of the decreased flow is still unknown. It is particularly unclear whether these phenomena are related to vasospasm and “steal” between the extracranial and intracranial circulation or to the spreading depression of Leao and the accompanying metabolic depression. In the present paper, metabolic changes in the brain during ischemia and reperfusion are reviewed and compared with CNS biochemical changes during migraine attack. In addition, the technique of Topical Magnetic Resonance (TMR) as applied to the in vivo study of energy phosphate metabolism in extracranial tissues and brain is described and the potential of this technique to evaluate shifts in energy metabolism and pH in stroke and migraine is discussed.

High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Resected Plaque

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 309-310
Author(s):  
D. Saloner
Keyword(s):  
Atherosclerotic Plaque ◽  
Carotid Bifurcation ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Clinical Events ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Diseased Vessel ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Substantial Interest

Atherosclerotic plaque at the carotid bifurcation is strongly correlated with the incidence of clinically significant events, such as transient ischemie attacks or stroke. Large multi-center trials have demonstrated that surgical removal of the atheroma is more effective in reducing these clinical events than is medical treatment alone. Patients are selected for surgery from an assessment of the severity of disease at the carotid bifurcation. The measure of disease severity is conventionally taken to be the degree of narrowing of the diseased vessel compared to a normal segment of vessel. However, using this criterion alone, many patients receive endarterectomy surgery who would probably not have progressed to other neurological events, while others are excluded who do progress to neurological events. For this reason, there is substantial interest in methods that could evaluate the composition of the atherosclerotic plaque in vivo, with the hope that this information would improve the predictive power of pre-surgical imaging of the diseased vessel.

In vivo evaluation of the effects of commercial Bacillus probiotics on survival and development of Litopenaeus vannamei larvae during the early hatchery period

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1661-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Xue ◽  
Chongqing Wen ◽  
Huafang Liang ◽  
Maochang Ding ◽  
Yong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
Survival And Development

scholarly journals Expression analysis and implication of Rab1A in gastrointestinal relevant tumor

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Menglin Xu ◽  
Xinyu Shao ◽  
Xiaoyi Kuai ◽  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Chunli Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tumor ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Mtorc1 Pathway ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Gastrointestinal cancers have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Previous studies have reported an oncogenic function of Rab1A in colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinomas via the mTOR pathway. However, the exact role of Rab1A in gastrointestinal cancers remains elusive. We detected significantly higher expression of Rab1A in the gastrointestinal tumor tissues compared to that in other cancer types following an in silico analysis of TGCA and GTEX databases. Furthermore, Rab1A was overexpressed in the gastrointestinal tumor tissues compared to the para-tumor tissues. Although Rab1A expression levels were not associated with the tumor-lymph node-metastasis (TNM) stage, Rab1A overexpression in the tumor tissues of a gastric cancer (GC) cohort was strongly correlated with poor prognosis in the patients. In addition, Rab1A knockdown significantly inhibited the in vitro proliferation and migration abilities of GC cells, as well as the growth of GC xenografts in vivo. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between Rab1A expression levels and that of different upstream/downstream mTOR targets. Taken together, Rab1A regulates the PI3K-AKT-mTORC1 pathway through the mTORC1 complex consisting of mTORC1, Rheb and Rab1A, and is a promising therapeutic target in GC.

scholarly journals Mass spectrometric quantitation of AGEs and enzymatic crosslinks in human cancellous bone

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoutaro Arakawa ◽  
Ryusuke Suzuki ◽  
Daisaburo Kurosaka ◽  
Ryo Ikeda ◽  
Hiroteru Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Strength ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Human Cancellous Bone ◽  
Total Knee

Abstract Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) deteriorate bone strength. Among over 40 species identified in vivo, AGEs other than pentosidine were roughly estimated as total fluorescent AGEs (tfAGEs) due to technical difficulties. Using LC-QqTOF-MS, we established a system that enabled the quantitation of five AGEs (CML, CEL, MG-H1, CMA and pentosidine) as well as two mature and three immature enzymatic crosslinks. Human bone samples were collected from 149 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Their clinical parameters were collected to investigate parameters that may be predictive of AGE accumulation. All the analytes were quantitated and showed significant linearity with high sensitivity and precision. The results showed that MG-H1 was the most abundant AGE, whereas pentosidine was 1/200–1/20-fold less abundant than the other four AGEs. The AGEs were significantly and strongly correlated with pentosidine, while showing moderate correlation with tfAGEs. Interestingly, multiple linear regression analysis revealed that gender contributed most to the accumulation of all the AGEs, followed by age, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b and HbA1c. Furthermore, the AGEs were negatively correlated with immature crosslinks. Mass spectrometric quantitation of AGEs and enzymatic crosslinks is crucial to a better understanding of ageing- and disease-related deterioration of bone strength.

scholarly journals Avidity, Potency, and Cross-Reactivity of Monoclonal Antibodies to Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Serotype 6B

2001 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 336-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Sun ◽  
Young-il Hwang ◽  
Moon H. Nahm
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharide ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Antigen Binding ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Pneumococcal Infections ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Binding Titer

ABSTRACT Many pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PSs) are similar in structure, and a pneumococcal antibody often binds to all of the PSs with a similar structure. Yet, these cross-reactive antibodies may bind to the structurally related pneumococcal capsular PSs with an avidity too low to be effective. If memory B cells producing such weakly cross-reactive antibodies are elicited with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the memory cells for low-avidity antibodies could compromise the subsequent immune responses to the cross-reactive PS (original antigenic sin). To investigate these issues, we produced 14 hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the capsular PS ofStreptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B by immunizing BALB/c mice with antigens containing 6B PS and studied their epitope, avidity, in vitro opsonizing capacity, in vivo protective capacity, and “antigen binding titer” by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of 6A and 6B capsular PSs. Six MAbs bound to the non-cross-reactive 6B-specific epitope, and seven MAbs bound to the cross-reactive epitope present in both 6A and 6B PSs One MAb (Hyp6BM6) revealed a novel epitope. This epitope was found on 6A PS in solution, but not on 6A PS adsorbed onto the plastic surface of the ELISA plates. The avidity of the MAb for 6A or 6B PS ranged from 7.8 × 106 M−1 to 4.1 × 1011M−1. No MAbs were weakly cross-reactive, since none of the cross-reactive MAbs showed any tendency toward having less avidity to 6A PS (the cross-reactive PS) than to 6B PS. Avidity influenced the results of several antibody assays. When all of the hybridomas were examined, avidity strongly correlated with the titer of a unit amount of MAb to bind antigen-coated ELISA plates (r = 0.91) or to opsonize pneumococci in vitro (r = −0.85). Because both assay results are avidity dependent, the ELISA and the opsonization assay results were strongly correlated (r= 0.91), regardless of avidity. Avidity also correlated with the potency of a MAb to passively protect mice against pneumococcal infections. When only the immunoglobulin G hybridomas were examined, little increase in opsonizing capacity and in vivo protective potency was observed above 109 M−1. Taken together, an ELISA measuring antigen binding titer may be an adequate measure of the protective immunity induced with pneumococcal vaccines, and the absence of a partially cross-reactive MAb suggests that antigenic sin may not be significant in responses to vaccines against the S. pneumoniae 6B serotype.

scholarly journals Spinasterol, 22,23-Dihydrospinasterol and Fernenol from Citrullus Colocynthis L. with Aphicidal Activity against Cabbage Aphid Brevicoryne Brassicae L.

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2184
Author(s):  
Maqsood Ahmed ◽  
Peiwen Qin ◽  
Mingshan Ji ◽  
Ran An ◽  
Hongxia Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Brevicoryne Brassicae ◽  
Separation And Purification ◽  
Citrullus Colocynthis ◽  
Cabbage Aphid ◽  
Chemical Structures ◽  
Greenhouse Assay ◽  
Aphicidal Activity

Brevicoryne brassicae is a problematic pest in cabbage and other field crops. Synthetic pesticides are used to control this pest, but they are injurious for human health and the environment. The present study aimed to purify and identify the active compounds from Citrullus colocynthis leaves with an appraisal of their efficacy against B. brassicae. Separation and purification were performed via different chromatographic techniques. Molecular analysis and chemical structures were recognized by mass spectrum (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo aphicidal activity was assessed using various concentrations, i.e., 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 µg/mL at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. The outcome shows that mass spectrum analyses of the purified compounds suggested the molecular formulae are C30H50O and C29H50O, C29H48O. The compounds were characterized as fernenol and a mixture of spinasterol, 22,23-dihydrospinasterol by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrum analysis. The toxicity results showed that the mixture of spinasterol and 22,23-dihydrospinasterol showed LC50 values of 32.36, 44.49 and 37.50 µg/mL by contact, residual and greenhouse assay at 72 h exposure, respectively. In contrast, fernenol recorded LC50 values as 47.99, 57.46 and 58.67 µg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, spinasterol, 22,23-dihydrospinasterol showed the highest mortality, i.e., 66.67%, 53.33% and 60% while, 30%, 23.33% and 25% mortality was recorded by fernenol after 72 h at 50 µg/mL by contact, residual and greenhouse assay, respectively. This study suggests that spinasterol, 22,23-dihydrospinasterol are more effective against B. brassicae which may be introduced as an effective and suitable substitute of synthetic chemical pesticides.

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