Life cycle of Cosmolaelaps jaboticabalensis (Acari: Mesostigmata: Laelapidae) on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and two factitious food sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grazielle Furtado Moreira ◽  
Matheus Rovere de Morais ◽  
Antônio Carlos Busoli ◽  
Gilberto José de Moraes
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Factitious Food

scholarly journals Dietary Choline Intake: Current State of Knowledge Across the Life Cycle

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandra Wiedeman ◽  
Susan Barr ◽  
Timothy Green ◽  
Zhaoming Xu ◽  
Sheila Innis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Dietary Nutrient ◽  
Choline Intake ◽  
Dietary Choline

Choline, an essential dietary nutrient for humans, is required for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, the methyl group donor, betaine, and phospholipids; and therefore, choline is involved in a broad range of critical physiological functions across all stages of the life cycle. The current dietary recommendations for choline have been established as Adequate Intakes (AIs) for total choline; however, dietary choline is present in multiple different forms that are both water-soluble (e.g., free choline, phosphocholine, and glycerophosphocholine) and lipid-soluble (e.g., phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin). Interestingly, the different dietary choline forms consumed during infancy differ from those in adulthood. This can be explained by the primary food source, where the majority of choline present in human milk is in the water-soluble form, versus lipid-soluble forms for foods consumed later on. This review summarizes the current knowledge on dietary recommendations and assessment methods, and dietary choline intake from food sources across the life cycle.

The Competitive Relation Between Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci: The impact on Life-cycle and Longevity

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Deligeorgi ◽  
C.G. Ipsilandis . ◽  
M. Vaiopoulou . ◽  
N.P. Deligeorgidis . ◽  
D.G. Stavridis . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals From egg to maturity: a closed system for complete life cycle studies of the holopelagic jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Ramondenc ◽  
Mathilde Ferrieux ◽  
Sophie Collet ◽  
Fabio Benedetti ◽  
Lionel Guidi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Pelagia Noctiluca ◽  
Complete Life Cycle ◽  
Jellyfish Species ◽  
New System

Abstract Despite its wide spatial distribution and its high abundance in the Mediterranean Sea, the biology and the ecology of the scyphozoan species Pelagia noctiluca remain poorly understood. This is mainly due to difficulties related to sampling and its maintenance in laboratory conditions. Thus, only a few studies exist on the ecophysiology of this jellyfish species under laboratory conditions. As an example, the maximum sizes of individuals obtained in previous culturing systems were not comparable to the ones found in the environment and the authors could not obtain a second generation. Here we present an improved rearing system for P. noctiluca employing a new enclosed system running with artificial seawater. The monitoring of the jellyfish in this new system highlights the importance of the quality of the food sources provided to the cultures, as well as the volume available for jellyfish growth. We obtain adults similar in size to the ones found in the open ocean (>11 cm), and we were able to obtain a second generation, 140 days after the first one. Our system is both less time-consuming and less stressful for the jellyfish.

RNAi pathways in the recognition of foreign RNA: antiviral responses and host–parasite interactions in nematodes

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 876-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Sarkies ◽  
Eric A. Miska
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Amplification Mechanism ◽  
Sense And Respond ◽  
Molecular Components ◽  
Host Parasite

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was the first animal for which RNAi (RNA interference) in response to exogenous triggers was shown experimentally and subsequently the molecular components of the RNAi pathway have been characterized in some detail. However, the function of RNAi in the life cycle of nematodes in the wild is still unclear. In the present article, we argue that RNAi could be used in nematodes as a mechanism to sense and respond to foreign RNA that the animal might be exposed to either through viral infection or through ingestion of food sources. This could be of potential importance to the life cycle of parasitic nematodes as they ingest RNA from different hosts at different points during their life cycle. We postulate that RNA ingested from the host could be used by the parasite to regulate its own genes, through the amplification mechanism intrinsic to the nematode RNAi pathway.

scholarly journals Starvation Responses Throughout the Caenorhabditiselegans Life Cycle

Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 216 (4) ◽  
pp. 837-878
Author(s):  
L. Ryan Baugh ◽  
Patrick J. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Maternal Provisioning ◽  
In The Wild

Caenorhabditis elegans survives on ephemeral food sources in the wild, and the species has a variety of adaptive responses to starvation. These features of its life history make the worm a powerful model for studying developmental, behavioral, and metabolic starvation responses. Starvation resistance is fundamental to life in the wild, and it is relevant to aging and common diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Worms respond to acute starvation at different times in the life cycle by arresting development and altering gene expression and metabolism. They also anticipate starvation during early larval development, engaging an alternative developmental program resulting in dauer diapause. By arresting development, these responses postpone growth and reproduction until feeding resumes. A common set of signaling pathways mediates systemic regulation of development in each context but with important distinctions. Several aspects of behavior, including feeding, foraging, taxis, egg laying, sleep, and associative learning, are also affected by starvation. A variety of conserved signaling, gene regulatory, and metabolic mechanisms support adaptation to starvation. Early life starvation can have persistent effects on adults and their descendants. With its short generation time, C. elegans is an ideal model for studying maternal provisioning, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and developmental origins of adult health and disease in humans. This review provides a comprehensive overview of starvation responses throughout the C. elegans life cycle.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Natural and Factitious Food Sources for Pronematus ubiquitus on Tomato Plants

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Marcus V. A. Duarte ◽  
Dominiek Vangansbeke ◽  
Juliette Pijnakker ◽  
Rob Moerkens ◽  
Alfredo Benavente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Oviposition Rate ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Oidium Neolycopersici ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Alternative Food Sources ◽  
Factitious Food ◽  
The Impact

Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor) is a small iolinid mite that is capable of establishing on tomato plants. Once established, this mite has been shown to control both tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyidae), and tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss). In the present study, we explored the effects of a number of alternative food sources on the oviposition rate in the laboratory. First, we assessed the reproduction on food sources that P. ubiquitus can encounter on a tomato crop: tomato pollen and powdery mildew, along with tomato leaf and Typha angustifolia L. In a second laboratory experiment, we evaluated the oviposition rate on two prey mites: the astigmatid Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Acari: Carpoglyphidae) and the tarsonemid Tarsonemus fusarii Cooreman (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Powdery mildew and C. lactis did not support reproduction, whereas tomato pollen and T. fusarii did promote egg laying. However, T. angustifolia pollen resulted in a higher oviposition in both experiments. In a greenhouse trial on individual caged tomato plants, we evaluated the impact of pollen supplementation frequency on the establishment of P. ubiquitus. Here, a pollen addition frequency of every other week was required to allow populations of P. ubiquitus to establish.

scholarly journals Functional Variation in Dipteran Gut Bacterial Communities in Relation to Their Diet, Life Cycle Stage and Habitat

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 543
Author(s):  
Rebekka Sontowski ◽  
Nicole M. van Dam
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Life Cycle Stage ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Life Cycle Stages ◽  
Pathogen Control ◽  
Species Specific

True flies and mosquitos (Diptera) live in habitats and consume diets that pose specific demands on their gut bacterial communities (GBCs). Due to diet specializations, dipterans may have highly diverse and species-specific GBCs. Dipterans are also confronted with changes in habitat and food sources over their lifetime, especially during life history processes (molting, metamorphosis). This may prevent the development of a constant species- or diet-specific GBC. Some dipterans are vectors of several human pathogens (e.g., malaria), which interact with GBCs. In this review, we explore the dynamics that shape GBC composition in some Diptera species on the basis of published datasets of GBCs. We thereby focus on the effects of diet, habitats, and life cycle stages as sources of variation in GBC composition. The GBCs reported were more stage-specific than species- or diet-specific. Even though the presence of GBCs has a large impact on the performance of their hosts, the exact functions of GBCs and their interactions with other organisms are still largely unknown, mainly due to the low number of studies to date. Increasing our knowledge on dipteran GBCs will help to design pest management strategies for the reduction of insecticide resistance, as well as for human pathogen control.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Natural and Factitious Food Sources for Pronematus Ubiquitus on Tomato Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus V. A. Duarte ◽  
Dominiek Vangansbeke ◽  
Juliette Pijnakker ◽  
Rob Moerkens ◽  
Alfredo Benavente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Oidium Neolycopersici ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Supplementation Frequency ◽  
Factitious Food ◽  
The Impact

Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor) is a small iolinid mite that is capable of establishing on tomato plants. Once established, this mite has been shown to control both tomato russet mite, Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) (Acari: Eriophyidae) and tomato powdery mildew (Oidium neolycopersici L. Kiss). In the present study, we explored the nutritional value of various food sources in the laboratory. First, we assessed the reproduction of two food sources that P. ubiquitus can encounter on a tomato crop: tomato pollen and powdery mildew. In a second laboratory experiment, we evaluated the nutritional value of two types of prey mites: the astigmatid Carpoglyphus lactis L. (Acari: Carpoglyphidae) and the tarsonemid Tarsonemus fusarii (Acari: Tarsonemidae). Powdery mildew and C. lactis did not contribute to the reproduction, whereas tomato pollen and T. fusarii did allow egg-laying. However, Typha angustifolia pollen was a superior food source in both experiments. In a greenhouse trial on individual caged tomato plants, we evaluated the impact of pollen supplementation frequency on establishment of P. ubiquitus. Here, a pollen addition frequency of every other week was required to allow populations of P. ubiquitus to establish.

Ultrastructural analysis of “Sensory” surface nerve endings and “putative” neurotransmitter sites in Schistosoma mansoni Miracidia

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 962-963
Author(s):  
Betty Ruth Jones ◽  
Steve Chi-Tang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Snail Host ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Basic Biology

INTRODUCTION: Schistosomiasis has been described as “one of the most devastating diseases of mankind, second only to malaria in its deleterious effects on the social and economic development of populations in many warm areas of the world.” The disease is worldwide and is probably spreading faster and becoming more intense than the overall research efforts designed to provide the basis for countering it. Moreover, there are indications that the development of water resources and the demands for increasing cultivation and food in developing countries may prevent adequate control of the disease and thus the number of infections are increasing.Our knowledge of the basic biology of the parasites causing the disease is far from adequate. Such knowledge is essential if we are to develop a rational approach to the effective control of human schistosomiasis. The miracidium is the first infective stage in the complex life cycle of schistosomes. The future of the entire life cycle depends on the capacity and ability of this organism to locate and enter a suitable snail host for further development, Little is known about the nervous system of the miracidium of Schistosoma mansoni and of other trematodes. Studies indicate that miracidia contain a well developed and complex nervous system that may aid the larvae in locating and entering a susceptible snail host (Wilson, 1970; Brooker, 1972; Chernin, 1974; Pan, 1980; Mehlhorn, 1988; and Jones, 1987-1988).

A freeze-fracture-etched study of the physarum polycephalum plasma membrane during early formation of the macroplasmodial stage

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Randolph W. Taylor ◽  
Henrie Treadwell
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Physarum Polycephalum ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Wire Screen ◽  
Wide Mouth ◽  
Sterile Filter

The plasma membrane of the Slime Mold, Physarum polycephalum, process unique morphological distinctions at different stages of the life cycle. Investigations of the plasma membrane of P. polycephalum, particularly, the arrangements of the intramembranous particles has provided useful information concerning possible changes occurring in higher organisms. In this report Freeze-fracture-etched techniques were used to investigate 3 hours post-fusion of the macroplasmodia stage of the P. polycephalum plasma membrane.Microplasmodia of Physarum polycephalum (M3C), axenically maintained, were collected in mid-expotential growth phase by centrifugation. Aliquots of microplasmodia were spread in 3 cm circles with a wide mouth pipette onto sterile filter paper which was supported on a wire screen contained in a petri dish. The cells were starved for 2 hrs at 24°C. After starvation, the cells were feed semidefined medium supplemented with hemin and incubated at 24°C. Three hours after incubation, samples were collected randomly from the petri plates, placed in plancettes and frozen with a propane-nitrogen jet freezer.

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