scholarly journals Schemes, Critical Questions, and Complete Argument Evaluation

Argumentation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-498
Author(s):  
Shiyang Yu ◽  
Frank Zenker
Keyword(s):  
Critical Questions ◽  
Argument Evaluation ◽  
Central Task ◽  
Argument Schemes ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Argument Scheme ◽  
General Schema ◽  
Object Level

Abstract According to the argument scheme approach, to evaluate a given scheme-saturating instance completely does entail asking all critical questions (CQs) relevant to it. Although this is a central task for argumentation theorists, the field currently lacks a method for providing a complete argument evaluation. Approaching this task at the meta-level, we combine a logical with a substantive approach to the argument schemes by starting from Toulmin’s schema: ‘data, warrant, so claim’. For the yet more general schema: ‘premise(s); if premise(s), then conclusion; so conclusion’, we forward a meta-level CQ-list that is arguably both complete and applicable. This list should inform ongoing theoretical efforts at generating appropriate object-level CQs for specific argument schemes.

scholarly journals Yet again, quantum indeterminacy is not worldly indecision

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Corti
Keyword(s):  
Relativistic Quantum ◽  
Relativistic Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Situation Semantics ◽  
Metaphysical Indeterminacy ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Australasian Journal ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Quantum Indeterminacy ◽  
Object Level ◽  
Hunting Ground

AbstractIt has been argued that non-relativistic quantum mechanics is the best hunting ground for genuine examples of metaphysical indeterminacy. Approaches to metaphysical indeterminacy can be divided into two families: meta-level and object-level accounts. It has been shown (Darby in Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88(2):27–245, 2010. 10.1080/00048400903097786; Skow in Philosophical Quarterly 60(241):851–858, 2010) that the most popular version of the meta-level accounts, namely the metaphysical supervaluationism proposed by Barnes and Williams (Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 103–148, 2011), fails to deal with quantum indeterminacy. Such a fact has been taken by many as a challenge to adapt supervaluationism to quantum cases. In this paper, I will focus on the very last of these attempts, i.e. the situation semantics account proposed by Darby and Pickup (Synthese 1–26, 2019). After having shown where quantum indeterminacy arises and having surveyed the assumptions endorsed by the participants of the debate, I turn to Darby and Pickup’s proposal. I argue that, despite the machinery introduced, their account still fails to account for quantum indeterminacy. After considering some possible counterarguments, I suggest in the conclusion that one can plausibly extend the argument to those meta-level approaches that treat quantum indeterminacy as worldly indecision.

scholarly journals Mathematics of 21st Century: A Personal View

10.29007/19ls ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Buchberger
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Gröbner Bases ◽  
Polynomial Systems ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
New Type ◽  
Object Level ◽  
General Method ◽  
The Way

In this talk, we will exemplify the spirit of a new type of mathematics by a report on the Theorema system being developed in the speaker's research group. Theorema is both a logic and a software frame for doing mathematics in the way sketched above. On the object level, Theorema allows to prove and program within the same logical frame and, on the meta-level, it allows to formulate reasoning techniques that help proving and programming on the object level. In particular, we will show how this type of doing mathematics allows to mimic the invention process behind the speaker’s theory of Gröbner bases, which provides a general method for dealing with multivariate nonlinear polynomial systems.

scholarly journals “Irgendwie bin ich immer am Schreiben”.

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-47
Author(s):  
Daniel Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Digital Literacy ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Mutual Learning ◽  
Is Research ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Multimethod Approach ◽  
Object Level ◽  
The Way

Transdisciplinary research is research not only on, but also for and, most of all, with practitioners. In the research framework of transdisciplinarity, scholars and practitioners collaborate throughout research projects with the aim of mutual learning. This paper shows the value transdisciplinarity can add to media linguistics. It does so by investigating the digital literacy shift in journalism: the change, in the last two decades, from the predominance of a writing mode that we have termed focused writing to a mode we have called writing-by-the-way. Large corpora of writing process data have been generated and analyzed with the multimethod approach of progression analysis in order to combine analytical depth with breadth. On the object level of doing writing in journalism, results show that the general trend towards writing-by-the-way opens up new niches for focused writing. On a meta level of doing research, findings explain under what conditions transdisciplinarity allows for deeper insights into the medialinguistic object of investigation.

scholarly journals Realism and anti-realism in the philosophy of psychiatry

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-20
Author(s):  
Milanko Govedarica
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychiatry ◽  
Reality Testing ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Thomas Szasz ◽  
Object Level

This paper invalidates the anti-realist point of view on the existence of mental illness by reviewing the anti-psychiatry challenge to official psychiatry. We present the anti-realist ideas of Thomas Szasz as the most radical anti-psychiatric author followed by the more moderate thoughts of Cooper and Laing. We then present the criticism of all these authors, most notably by the Canadian philosopher of psychiatry L. Reznek. We argue that some forms of schizophrenic experience can be non-pathological and emancipatory, but that this does not negate the existence of schizophrenia as a mental illness. After the invalidation of the anti-psychiatric point of view that insanity is just a political construct, mental illness is defined as not only a biomedical, but also a semiotic reality. Finally, we differentiate the object-level and the meta-level of the problem of anti-realism in psychiatry and conclude that anti-realism is only acceptable on the former level, as a characterization of the lack of reality testing by psychiatric patients.

Reassessing the Foundations of Semiotics

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Nadin
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
Knowledge Domain ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Domains ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Effort ◽  
Object Level ◽  
Forms Of Knowledge

What justifies a discipline is its grounding in practical activities. Documentary evidence is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for viability. This applies to semiotics as it applies to mathematics, physics, chemistry, computer science, and all other forms of questioning the world. While all forms of knowledge testify to the circularity of the epistemological effort, semiotics knowledge is doubly cursed. There is no knowledge that can be expressed otherwise than in semiotic form; knowledge of semiotics is itself expressed semiotically. Semiotics defined around the notion of the sign bears the burden of unsettled questions prompted by the never-ending attempt to define signs. This indeterminate condition is characteristic of all epistemological constructs, whether in reference to specific knowledge domains or semiotics. The alternative is to associate the knowledge domain of semiotics with the meta-level, i.e., inquiry of what makes semiotics necessary. In a world of action-reaction, corresponding to a rather poor form of causality, semiotics is not necessary. Only in acknowledging the anticipatory condition of the living can grounding for semiotics be found. This perspective becomes critical in the context of a semiotized civilization in which the object level of human effort is progressively replaced by representations (and their associated interpretations).

scholarly journals Distinct Neural Representations of Decision Uncertainty in Metacognition and Mentalizing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaohan Jiang ◽  
Sidong Wang ◽  
Xiaohong Wan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mental States ◽  
External Information ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Decision Uncertainty ◽  
The Past ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Object Level

Metacognition and mentalizing are both associated with meta-level mental state representations. Specifically, metacognition refers to monitoring one’s own cognitive processes, while mentalizing refers to monitoring others’ cognitive processes. However, this self-other dichotomy is insufficient to delineate the two high-level mental processes. We here used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to systematically investigate the neural representations of different levels of decision uncertainty in monitoring different targets (the current self, the past self, and others) performing a perceptual decision-making task. Our results reveal diverse formats of intrinsic mental state representations of decision uncertainty in mentalizing, separate from the associations with external information. External information was commonly represented in the right inferior parietal lobe (IPL) across the mentalizing tasks. However, the meta-level mental states of decision uncertainty attributed to others were uniquely represented in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), rather than the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) that also equivalently represented the object-level mental states of decision inaccuracy attributed to others. Further, the object-level and meta-level mental states of decision uncertainty, when attributed to the past self, were represented in the precuneus and the lateral frontopolar cortex (lFPC), respectively. In contrast, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) consistently represented both decision uncertainty in metacognition and estimate uncertainty during monitoring the different mentalizing processes, but not the inferred decision uncertainty in mentalizing. Hence, our findings identify neural signatures to clearly delineate metacognition and mentalizing and further imply distinct neural computations on the mental states of decision uncertainty during metacognition and mentalizing.

scholarly journals How to Disagree About Argument Schemes

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
Fábio Perin Shecaira
Keyword(s):  
Argument Schemes ◽  
Argument Scheme ◽  
Argument By Analogy

Argumentation theorists often disagree about which scheme best represents a given type of argument (e.g. argument by analogy, argument from authority, inference to the best explanation). Unfortunately, authors sometimes become involved in fruitless pseudo-agreement because they fail to perceive that their supposedly competing schemes are means for achieving different (but compatible) practical or theoretical goals. This paper explains some of the different purposes that an argument scheme may serve, and it indicates how the relevant type of pseudo-disagreement may be avoided. 

scholarly journals Theory and applications of explicit substitutions: Introduction

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delia Kesner
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Flexible Tool ◽  
Mathematical Structures ◽  
Meta Level ◽  
Refereeing Process ◽  
Explicit Substitutions ◽  
Community Of Researchers ◽  
Object Level

This special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science is dedicated to the theory and applications of explicit substitutions, which have attracted a growing community of researchers in the last decade, especially in the study of explicit substitutions as a means of bridging the gap between theory and practice in the implementation of programming languages, as well as theorem provers and proof checkers.Such implementations typically rely on formal calculi defined using implicit substitution operations that are left at the meta-level, so that they need to turn these meta-level operations into efficient executable code, and this is often fairly intricate and distant from the formal calculi. This causes a significant gap between theory and practice.Explicit substitutions considerably reduce this gap by bringing the meta-level operations down to the object-level calculus – where they are represented explicitly – allowing us in this way to give formal and robust models for the techniques actually used in implementations, and providing at the same time a more flexible tool for controlling the intermediate steps of evaluation.All the papers in this issue were invited on the basis of their quality and relevance to the domain, and subjected to the refereeing process of MSCS. Most of them are substantially expanded and revised versions of work originally presented at Westapp'98 and Westapp'99, the first and second ‘Workshop on Explicit Substitutions: Theory and Applications to Programs and Proofs’, which were held in conjunction with RTA'98 in Tsukuba, Japan, and with Floc'99 in Trento, Italy, respectively.As guest editor, I would like to express my warm thanks both to the authors, for their high-quality contributions to this special issue, and to the referees, whose scientific role was essential in improving the presentation of these contributions.

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