The ultimate cost of carbon

Abstract We estimate the potential ultimate cost of fossil-fuel carbon to a long-lived human population over a one million–year time scale. We assume that this hypothetical population is technologically stationary and agriculturally based, and estimate climate impacts as fractional decreases in economic activity, potentially amplified by a human population response to a diminished human carrying capacity. Monetary costs are converted to units of present-day dollars by multiplying the future damage fractions by the present-day global world production, and integrated through time with no loss due from time-preference discounting. Ultimate costs of C range from $10k to $750k per ton for various assumptions about the magnitude and longevity of economic impacts, with a best-estimate value of about $100k per ton of C. Most of the uncertainty arises from the economic parameters of the model and, among the geophysical parameters, from the climate sensitivity. We argue that the ultimate cost of carbon is a first approximation of our potential culpability to future generations for our fossil energy use, expressed in units that are relevant to us.

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Financial development and CO2 discharge in Nigeria

Journal of Research in Emerging Markets ◽

10.30585/jrems.v3i3.652 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

Nura Sani Yahaya ◽

Muhammad Bilyaminu Ado ◽

Muhammad Ibrahim Datti

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollution ◽

Financial Development ◽

Energy Use ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Economic Progress ◽

Long Run ◽

Low Emission ◽

Short Run ◽

Domestic Appliances

This study examined the effect of financial development, fossil energy use, economic progress, and FDI on environmental pollution in Nigeria from 1981 – 2014 using the ARDL technique. The outcome of the bond test reveals the presence of a long-run association on the variables of the model. The short-run estimate shows that all the variables positively influence CO2. The result of the long-run analysis further indicates that financial progress, fossil fuel, and GDP accelerates the level of CO2 discharge. However, FDI does not explain environmental pollution in Nigeria. Hence, the study suggests that government and policymakers should formulate policies to improve financial development designed to mitigate CO2 discharge by giving directives to financial institutions that all credits allocation should be toward the purchase of low emission technologies and domestic appliances. In addition, environmentalists should enlighten citizens on the danger of environmental pollution and ways to reduce it through public lectures and seminars.

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Buildings

10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Rez

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Pump ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Energy Use ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Local Climate ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

The Difference ◽

As If

Most of the energy used by buildings goes into heating and cooling. For small buildings, such as houses, heat transfer by conduction through the sides is as much as, if not greater than, the heat transfer from air exchanges with the outside. For large buildings, such as offices and factories, the greater volume-to-surface ratio means that air exchanges are more significant. Lights, people and equipment can make significant contributions. Since the energy used depends on the difference in temperature between the inside and the outside, local climate is the most important factor that determines energy use. If heating is required, it is usually more efficient to use a heat pump than to directly burn a fossil fuel. Using diffuse daylight is always more energy efficient than lighting up a room with artificial lights, although this will set a limit on the size of buildings.

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Energy, Environment, and Security: Critical Links in a Post-Peak World

Global Environmental Politics ◽

10.1162/glep_a_00032 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 79-100 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Shane Mulligan

Keyword(s):

Human Ecology ◽

Energy Security ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Energy Resources ◽

Ecological Security ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Political Analysis ◽

Global Environmental Politics ◽

Global Environmental ◽

Energy Environment

Energy supplies are central to human ecology and key to the sustainability of human communities, but the decline of fossil fuel resources is largely ignored in global environmental politics. Most political analysis of energy focuses on state-centered “energy security” while largely overlooking discourses of environmental or ecological security. Yet energy and the environment are intimately connected; in the 1970s and 1980s, energy resources were seen as very much a part of the environment to be secured, while today fossil energy is seen as an evident threat to the environment, especially through the medium of climate change. This article surveys the changing relationships among energy, the environment, and security, and suggests a framework for examining the discursive forces that have affected such changes. This framework offers guidance toward developing a more ecologically informed approach to energy and (state, global, and human) security under conditions of scarce and declining global fossil fuel supplies.

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Quitting (The) Habit: Fossil Fuels, Governmentality and the Politics of Energy Dependency

New Formations ◽

10.3898/newf:103.04.2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (103) ◽

pp. 63-77

Author(s):

Imre Szeman

Keyword(s):

Specific Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Energy Use ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Daily Life ◽

Practice Theory ◽

State Power ◽

System Change ◽

Analytic Tool ◽

Energy Dependency

This paper investigates habit in relation to fossil-fuel dependency. Habit names sets of actions and practices that are deeply codified into daily life, including practices connected to the use of large amounts of energy. Developing an understanding of energy habits appears to constitute a possible site of intervention into the ongoing use of fossil fuels. I argue that by tending to focus on individual energy practices, habit makes it difficult to raise larger, systemic questions related to energy use. Indeed, more critical explorations of habit, such as practice theory or via Bourdieu's notion of habitus, emphasise the need to attend to system more than specific energy habits. Investigating habit in relation to energy does, however, reveal some of the current limits and problems involved in changing fossil-fuel dependency on the part of many states. The paper turns to an investigation of the operations of governmentality in relation to energy to show the multiple ways in which the contemporary configuration of state power makes it unable to fully attend to fossil-fuel dependency. Making small changes to energy use via changes to energy habit never results in the system change required. While habit can thus be a useful analytic tool in understanding state power in relation to energy use, the paper argues that it is not a mechanism through which one might fundamentally change current configurations of energy dependency.

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Modification of geometry of airfoil NACA 0018 towards work testing vertical axis wind type Darrieus Eggbeater

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/878/1/012071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 878 (1) ◽

pp. 012071

Author(s):

B Tarihoran ◽

M D Sebayang ◽

M Pane

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Energy Use ◽

Energy Savings ◽

Research Result ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Energy Crisis ◽

Speed Ratio ◽

Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽

Fossil Energy

Abstract Technological developments on energy savings are caused by increasing demand for energy use from year to year. This is done to avoid an energy crisis. The energy crisis is a problem that is being faced because of the depletion of fossil energy. To restore fossil energy can require natural processes in a long time. With the limited availability of fossil energy, it is very necessary to develop alternative energy sources that are friendly to the environment, one of which is wind energy. Indonesia is an archipelago, so the wind speed in Indonesia is relatively low, then in this study can be overcome using a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT). This research was conducted to find out power of Coefficient, type speed ratio in the variation of wind speed in the turbine. This study uses a wind power design with a vertical axis. Blades are used from modified NACA 0018 airfoil. Research result taken at the time of testing is with wind speeds ranging from 3 m / s to 6,1 m/s which measures the capacity of electric power produced by turbines with a load of 10 watts. The results of this study are the minimum actual power of the turbine 2.881 Watt with TSR 0.4 and Cp 0.18 at wind speed 3 m/s, and the maximum power obtained at a speed of 6,1m/s that is equal to 14.62 Watt with a TSR of 0.25 and Cp of 0.29.

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Characterization of coal-derived liquids and other fossil fuel related materials employing mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry and fossil-energy conversion technology: a review. Quarterly report, March 30--June 29, 1978

10.2172/6461052 ◽

1978 ◽

Author(s):

S. Scheppele

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Energy Conversion ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry ◽

Conversion Technology

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The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Climate Change in Shanghai

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2388 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 524-527 ◽

pp. 2388-2393 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nan Wang ◽

Mahjoub Elnimeiri

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Use ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Average Temperature ◽

The Past ◽

Strong Positive Relationship ◽

The Relationship ◽

Annual Average Temperature ◽

Fossil Fuel Energy

The phenomenon of climate change is becoming a global problem. One of the most important reasons of climate change is the increase in CO2 levels due to emissions from fossil fuel energy use in daily human activities. This research will use the data of the annual average temperature and energy consumption in the past 41 years of Shanghai, the largest city in China, to establish the statistical relationship between climate change and energy consumption. It is found that there is a strong positive relationship between climate change and energy consumption in Shanghai. The phenomenon of climate change could be controlled by reducing excessive energy consumption in people’s daily life. Furthermore, this paper will also discuss the reason of such relationship, and provide suggesstions of saving energy and protecting our environment.

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TINJAUAN SINGKAT OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN ENERGI SURYA PADA SEKTOR RUMAH TANGGA

Journal Publicuho ◽

10.35817/jpu.v4i2.18436 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Ligan Budi Pratomo ◽

Nazaruddin Sinaga

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Energy Use ◽

Solar Power ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Energy Utilization ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Household Sector ◽

The Government

Energy use always increases, especially fossil energy. Through the National Energy Policy, the government continues to strive to increase the role of new and renewable energy sources so as to reduce dependence on fossil energy. Solar power generation is a type of renewable energy generator that capable to convert solar energy to electric energy. The main components of solar power generatios are batteries, solar panels, charger controllers, and inverters. Solar power generations technology itself is always being developed, such as automatic monitoring and sun tracking systems designed to improve system performance. One of the applications of solar power generations is in the household sector. In this sector consumes 49% of the national electricity energy in 2018. This type of generator is categorized as a roof solar power generations. Based on existing data, there were 1400 roof solar power generations users in September 2019. The development of solar energy utilization for the household sector is very appropriate because it can help achieve renewable energy about 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 in the national energy mix.

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Contribution of tobacco waste for agriculture

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202014204005 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 ◽

pp. 04005

Author(s):

Okta Prima Indahsari ◽

Abul Haris Suryo Negoro

Keyword(s):

Energy Use ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Waste Utilization ◽

Chemical Contamination ◽

Fossil Energy ◽

Liquid Smoke ◽

Tobacco Waste

This study aim is to explain the contribution of tobacco waste in the agricultural sector. Tobacco waste here limited to tobacco stems only. Tobacco stems are processed into bio briquettes, pellets, and liquid smoke. Biobriquettes and bio pellets can substitute the use of coal as fuel while liquid smoke can replace the use of chemical insecticides. The three products are eco-friendly and safe for the consumers. The production of these three products is a contribution manifestation of tobacco waste utilization to increase agriculture productivity, reducing fossil energy use, and minimizing tobacco stakeholders from chemical contamination both on tobacco plantation area and tobacco barns.

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