scholarly journals Cybercrime Victimisation and Polyvictimisation in Finland—Prevalence and Risk Factors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matti Näsi ◽  
Petri Danielsson ◽  
Markus Kaakinen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Property Crime ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Online Activity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
User Skills ◽  
Shared Risk

AbstractThis study examines the prevalence of different types of cybercrime victimisation and their shared risk factors among the population of Finland. We examine how respondents’ socio-economic background variables, past offline victimisation experiences, online activity, user skills, and protective measures impact the risk of the most common forms of online victimisation and online polyvictimisation. Our nationally representative survey data were collected from 5455 Finns aged 15 to 74 years (response rate 39%) as part of the Finnish National Crime Survey in 2018. According to our findings, the five most common forms of victimisation were malware, harassment, sexual harassment, hacking, and fraud. Online routines and exposure to potential offenders, along with past offline victimisation experiences, served as notable risk factors for a range of different victimisation experiences online. Our findings show slightly different SES risk factors for victimisation of different online offences, thereby indicating the diverse nature of different types of online victimisation. Our findings also show that young age, better financial situation, high internet use, and user skills, along with past offline victimisation of property crime and violence, associate with increased risk of online polyvictimisation. High user protection decreased the risk of online polyvictimisation.

scholarly journals Examining the possible causal relationship between lung function, COPD and Alzheimer’s disease: a Mendelian randomisation study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e000759
Author(s):  
Daniel Higbee ◽  
Raquel Granell ◽  
Esther Walton ◽  
Roxanna Korologou-Linden ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Lung Function ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Mendelian Randomisation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Unmeasured Confounding ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

RationaleLarge retrospective case-control studies have reported an association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), reduced lung function and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. However, it remains unclear if these diseases are causally linked, or due to shared risk factors. Conventional observational epidemiology suffers from unmeasured confounding and reverse causation. Additional analyses addressing causality are required.ObjectivesTo examine a causal relationship between COPD, lung function and Alzheimer’s disease.MethodsUsing two-sample Mendelian randomisation, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in a genome wide association study (GWAS) for lung function as instrumental variables (exposure). Additionally, we used SNPs discovered in a GWAS for COPD in those with moderate to very severe obstruction. The effect of these SNPs on Alzheimer’s disease (outcome) was taken from a GWAS based on a sample of 24 807 patients and 55 058 controls.ResultsWe found minimal evidence for an effect of either lung function (OR: 1.02 per SD; 95% CI 0.91 to 1.13; p value 0.68) or liability for COPD on Alzheimer’s disease (OR: 0.97 per SD; 95% CI 0.92 to 1.03; p value 0.40).ConclusionNeither reduced lung function nor liability COPD are likely to be causally associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s, any observed association is likely due to unmeasured confounding. Scientific attention and health prevention policy may be better focused on overlapping risk factors, rather than attempts to reduce risk of Alzheimer’s disease by targeting impaired lung function or COPD directly.

Abstract 47: Atrial Fibrillation is Associated With Increased Risk of Incident Venous Thromboembolism: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study

Circulation ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 135 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela L Lutsey ◽  
Faye L Norby ◽  
Alvaro Alonso ◽  
Mary Cushman ◽  
Lin Y Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

Background: It is well-established that atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with thrombus formation in the left atrium, which can lead to ischemic stroke. Case reports, autopsies, and transesophageal echo data have indicated that clot formation also occurs in the right atrium (i.e. right-side intracardiac thrombosis) of AF patients, which could lead to pulmonary embolism (PE). However, it is unclear whether this occurrence is common. Objective: Test the hypotheses that individuals with incident AF are at elevated risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), and that the association will be stronger for those presenting with PE alone versus PE and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or DVT alone. Methods: A total of 15,205 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants, aged 45-64 years, were followed from baseline (1987-1989) to 2011 for incidence of AF and VTE (median follow-up 19.8 years). Incident AF and VTE events were identified via active surveillance and defined by relevant hospital discharge ICD codes. VTE events were validated by medical record review. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used, with AF modeled as a time-dependent covariate. We also evaluated separately risk of PE without evidence of DVT, DVT without PE, and events presenting with both PE and DVT. Results: At baseline participants were on average 54 years old, 55% female and 26% black. In the absence of AF there were 678 VTE events, for an incidence rate of 2.6 per 1000 person-years. After an AF diagnosis there were 77 events, with an incidence rate of 7.1 per 1000 person-years. In multivariable-adjusted models, having AF (versus no AF) was associated with a greater risk of incident VTE; the HR (95% CI) was 2.10 (1.65-2.68) after adjustment for demographics, 1.82 (1.42-2.32) additionally accounting for numerous AF and VTE risk factors, and 1.97 (1.53-2.53) after further adjusting for time-dependent anticoagulant use. When we restricted to PE events without evidence of DVT there were 188 events in total, of which 19 occurred following a diagnosis of AF. The HR for AF (versus no AF) was 1.53 (0.92-2.56) in fully adjusted models. For DVT alone there were 384 events in total, of which 48 occurred after AF diagnosis; the HR for AF was 2.43 (1.77-3.33). Among the 116 events presenting with both DVT and PE, 10 occurred after AF diagnosis, and the HR for AF was 1.36 (0.67-2.75). Conclusions: Diagnosis with AF was associated with a nearly 2-fold increased risk of incident VTE. The association was not stronger when isolated to those with PE without DVT, suggesting that higher risk of VTE among AF patients may be due to either the coagulation abnormalities that accompany AF, or shared risk factors that were not fully accounted for in this analysis.

scholarly journals Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Does Cessation of Smoking Really Help?

Stroke ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 362-362
Author(s):  
Abutaher M Yahia ◽  
Adnan Qureshi ◽  
M Fareed K Suri ◽  
Zulfiqar Ali ◽  
Lee R Guterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Johns Hopkins University ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cerebrovascular Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Independent Association

P128 BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Smoking has been shown to increase the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It remains unclear whether cessation of smoking decreases this risk. To address this issue, we performed a case control study examining the effect of smoking and other known risk factors for cerebrovascular disease on the risk of SAH. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all patients with a diagnosis of SAH (n=323) admitted to the Johns Hopkins University hospital between January 1990 and June 1997. Controls matched for age, sex, and ethnicity (n=969) were selected from the nationally representative sample of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We determined the independent association between smoking (present and previous) and various cerebrovascular risk factors and SAH using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of 323 patients admitted with SAH (mean age 52.7±14 years; 93 were men), 149 (46%) were currently smoking and 125(39%) were previous smokers. In the multivariate analysis, both previous cigarette smoking (OR = 3.4; 95% CI, 2.3–5.1) and present cigarette smoking (OR = 2.0; 95% CI, 1.3–3.0) were significantly associated with SAH. Hypertension was also significantly associated with SAH (OR = 2.4; 95% CI, 1.8–3.3). CONCLUSION: Cigarette smoking increases the risk for SAH as suggested in previous studies. However, the increased risk persists even after cessation of cigarette smoking suggesting the importance of early abstinence from smoking.

scholarly journals What Factors Increase the Risk of Complications in SARS-CoV-2–Infected Patients? A Cohort Study in a Nationwide Israeli Health Organization (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Yanover ◽  
Barak Mizrahi ◽  
Nir Kalkstein ◽  
Karni Marcus ◽  
Pinchas Akiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND Reliably identifying patients at increased risk for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) complications could guide clinical decisions, public health policies, and preparedness efforts. Multiple studies have attempted to characterize at-risk patients, using various data sources and methodologies. Most of these studies, however, explored condition-specific patient cohorts (eg, hospitalized patients) or had limited access to patients’ medical history, thus, investigating related questions and, potentially, obtaining biased results. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify factors associated with COVID-19 complications from the complete medical records of a nationally representative cohort of patients, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS We studied a cohort of <i>all</i> SARS-CoV-2–positive individuals, confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing of either nasopharyngeal or saliva samples, in a nationwide health organization (covering 2.3 million individuals) and identified those who suffered from serious complications (ie, experienced moderate or severe symptoms of COVID-19, admitted to the intensive care unit, or died). We then compared the prevalence of pre-existing conditions, extracted from electronic health records, between complicated and noncomplicated COVID-19 patient cohorts to identify the conditions that significantly increase the risk of disease complications, in various age and sex strata. RESULTS Of the 4353 SARS-CoV-2–positive individuals, 173 (4%) patients suffered from COVID-19 complications (all age ≥18 years). Our analysis suggests that cardiovascular and kidney diseases, obesity, and hypertension are significant risk factors for COVID-19 complications. It also indicates that depression (eg, males ≥65 years: odds ratio [OR] 2.94, 95% CI 1.55-5.58; <i>P</i>=.01) as well as cognitive and neurological disorders (eg, individuals ≥65 years old: OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.69-4.17; <i>P</i>&lt;.001) are significant risk factors. Smoking and presence of respiratory diseases do not significantly increase the risk of complications. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis agrees with previous studies on multiple risk factors, including hypertension and obesity. It also finds depression as well as cognitive and neurological disorders, but not smoking and respiratory diseases, to be significantly associated with COVID-19 complications. Adjusting existing risk definitions following these observations may improve their accuracy and impact the global pandemic containment and recovery efforts.

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Innocent Bystanders or Partners in Crime?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Riis Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

Inflammation plays a significant role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at increased risk of CVD, but it is debated whether this association is causal or dependent on shared risk factors, other exposures, genes, and/or inflammatory pathways. The current review summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and experimental data supporting the role of shared inflammatory mechanisms between atherosclerotic CVD and rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontitis, respectively, and provides insights to future prospects in this area of research. Awareness of the role of inflammation in CVD in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and the potential for anti-inflammatory therapy, e.g., with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, to also reduce atherosclerotic CVD has evolved into guideline- based recommendations. These include regular CVD risk assessment, aggressive treatment of traditional CVD risk factors, and recognition of reduced CVD as an added benefit of strict inflammatory disease control. At present, chronic inflammatory diseases would appear to qualify as partners in crime and not merely innocent bystanders to CVD. However, definite incremental contributions of inflammation versus effects of the complex interplay with other CVD risk factors may never be fully elucidated and for the foreseeable future, inflammation is posed to maintain its current position as both a marker and a maker of CVD, with clinical utility both for identification of patient at risk of CVD and as target for therapy to reduce CVD.

scholarly journals Modifiable Risk Factors for Homebound Progression Among Those With and Without Dementia in a Longitudinal Survey of Community-Dwelling Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mia Yang ◽  
Nicholas Pajewski ◽  
Mark Espeland ◽  
Douglas Easterling ◽  
Jeff D. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Modifiable Risk Factors ◽  
Mobility Impairment ◽  
Annual Survey ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Modifiable Factors ◽  
Future Care ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract OBJECTIVE: Being homebound is independently associated with increased mortality but the homebound population is heterogeneous. In order to improve precision medicine, we analyzed potentially modifiable factors that contribute to homebound progression (from independent to needing assistance, to homebound), stratified by dementia status. METHODS: Using National Aging and Trends Survey (NHATS), a nationally-representative, longitudinal annual survey from 2011 to 2017 (n=11,528), we categorized homebound progression if one transitioned from independent or needing assistance to homebound, including competing risks of institutionalization or death between 2011 and last year of data available for each unique respondent. Using proportional hazards regression, we calculated hazard ratios of potentially modifiable risk factors on homebound progression. RESULTS: Depression, mobility impairment, and pain increased risk of homebound progression regardless of dementia status. Social isolation increased risk of homebound progression only among those without dementia at baseline. CONCLUSION: Future care and research should focus on the treatment of depression, mobility, and pain to potentially delay progression to homebound status.

scholarly journals The Gender-Sensitive Social Risk Factors for Internet Addiction in College Undergraduate Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 636-644
Author(s):  
Xia Lin ◽  
Jing-yan Gu ◽  
Wan-jun Guo ◽  
Ya-jing Meng ◽  
Hui-yao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Internet Addiction ◽  
Romantic Relationship ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Social Risk Factors ◽  
Online Activity ◽  
Shared Risk

Objective The current study aims to explore precipitating and social risk factors for internet addiction (IA) in university undergraduate students, and to provide evidence for interventions and the early prevention of IA in different genders.Methods Four thousand eight hundred and fifty-eight college sophomores completed an online survey on their internet use-related behaviours and social risk factors.Results We found that more male (8.3%) than female students (5.4%) had moderate and severe IA. The main online activity in the moderate and severe IA groups was online gaming in males and online streaming in females. Roommates engaging in similar internetbased entertainment was a risk factor of IA only for males, while not being in a romantic relationship was a risk factor of IA for females only. Infatuation with the internet before college and adjustment problems for college life were shared risk factors for both genders in the mild and moderate IA groups.Conclusion IA was a common phenomenon in college students with shared and unique precipitating and social risk factors in males and females. The gender-sensitive risk factors for IA warranted earlier and individualized intervention and prevention strategies for IA in this population.

Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Excess Risk for Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians: The Perfect Storm

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag Mehta ◽  
Sumitabh Singh ◽  
Anum Saeed ◽  
Dhruv Mahtta ◽  
Vera A. Bittner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
South Asians ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Excess Risk ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Ldl Particles ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

Background: South Asians are at a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD), are diagnosed at relatively younger ages, and exhibit more severe disease phenotypes as compared with other ethnic groups. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying T2D and CVD risk in South Asians are multifactorial and intricately related. Method: Narrative review of the pathophysiology of excess risk of T2D and CVD in South Asians. Result: T2D and CVD have shared risk factors that encompass biological factors [early life influences, impaired glucose metabolism, and adverse body composition] as well as behavioral and environmental risk factors (diet, sedentary behavior, tobacco use, and social determinants of health). Genetics and epigenetics also play a role in explaining the increased risk of T2D and CVD among South Asians. Additionally, South Asians harbor several lipid abnormalities including high concentration of small-dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, elevated triglycerides, low highdensity lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol levels, dysfunctional HDL particles, and elevated lipoprotein(a) that predispose them to CVD. Conclusion: In this comprehensive review, we have discussed risk factors that provide insights into the pathophysiology of excess risk of T2D and CVD in South Asians.

scholarly journals Vitamin D and cardiometabolic health: a review of the evidence

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan Muldowney ◽  
Mairead Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Cardiometabolic Health ◽  
Vitamin D Status ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

The cardiometabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of related metabolic abnormalities including abdominal adiposity, insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and increased inflammatory and thrombotic markers, which is linked to increased risk of type 2 diabetes, CVD and overall mortality. Several cross-sectional and prospective studies have shown an association between low vitamin D status, as indicated by concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (s25(OH)D), and increased prevalence of the MetS and individual CVD risk factors. These epidemiological observations are supported by mechanistic studies but experimental data are limited. The available data from intervention studies are largely confounded as most vitamin D supplementation trials were mainly carried out to explore the role of Ca in CVD and include Ca in the treatment arms. Inadequate consideration of seasonal effects on s25(OH)D concentrations is also a common design flaw in most studies. Further complications arise from shared risk factors such as adiposity and ageing, which predispose individuals to exhibit both a more pronounced risk profile and relatively lower s25(OH)D concentrations. In conclusion, while epidemiological associations are promising and a rationale for low vitamin D status as a potentially modifiable risk factor for CVD is supported by mechanistic data, suitable experimental data from appropriately designed trials are just beginning to emerge. As yet, this body of literature is too immature to draw firm conclusions on the role of vitamin D in CVD prevention. Carefully controlled vitamin D trials in well-described population groups using intervention doses that are titrated against target s25(OH)D concentrations could yield potentially valuable outcomes that may have a positive impact on CVD risk modification.

scholarly journals Childhood adversities as risk factors for onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour

2010 ◽  
Vol 197 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronny Bruffaerts ◽  
Koen Demyttenaere ◽  
Guilherme Borges ◽  
Josep Maria Haro ◽  
Wai Tat Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Suicidal Behaviour ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Multivariate Models ◽  
Childhood Adversities ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Representative Samples ◽  
Ratio Range

BackgroundSuicide is a leading cause of death worldwide, but the precise effect of childhood adversities as risk factors for the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour (suicide ideation, plans and attempts) are not well understood.AimsTo examine the associations between childhood adversities as risk factors for the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour across 21 countries worldwide.MethodRespondents from nationally representative samples (η = 55 299) were interviewed regarding childhood adversities that occurred before the age of 18 years and lifetime suicidal behaviour.ResultsChildhood adversities were associated with an increased risk of suicide attempt and ideation in both bivariate and multivariate models (odds ratio range 1.2–5.7). The risk increased with the number of adversities experienced, but at a decreasing rate. Sexual and physical abuse were consistently the strongest risk factors for both the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviour, especially during adolescence. Associations remained similar after additional adjustment for respondents' lifetime mental disorder status.ConclusionsChildhood adversities (especially intrusive or aggressive adversities) are powerful predictors of the onset and persistence of suicidal behaviours.

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