EVALUATION OF SURFACE DEFECTS OF PRODUCTS USING DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES

The suggested approach provides an opportunity under the conditions of enterprises to give a comprehensive view of products defects and functional coatings imperfections. The application of the computer program developed in the Microsoft Visual Studio environment, which allows digital image processing of the studied surfaces to estimate the area of external defects of materials, regardless of the nature of the origin of defects and the method of image acquisition, is proved. Research methods. Digital images of metal surfaces and coatings obtained by energy dispersive microanalysis, electron and optical microscopy have been tested. Research results and novelty. The possibility of using the program for evaluation of surface bands with local chemical and morphological inhomogeneities, determination of the porosity of materials is shown. The possibility of express evaluation of digital images of objects at macro-, meso- and microstructural levels for automated diagnostic control of surface defects within 1-2 seconds is implemented. Disaggregation of brightness, texture and color components of the image significantly increases the speed and efficiency of image processing structures. Conclusions: The proposed program is versatile, does not require special user skills and serves as a convenient tool for analyzing and controlling the quality of objects of various physico-chemical nature. The results of the study indicate that the application of the developed computer program makes effective quantitative calculation of the area of local defects, areas of distribution of chemical elements, various inclusions, surface porosity of products and coatings possible.

Cybercrime Victimisation and Polyvictimisation in Finland—Prevalence and Risk Factors

This study examines the prevalence of different types of cybercrime victimisation and their shared risk factors among the population of Finland. We examine how respondents’ socio-economic background variables, past offline victimisation experiences, online activity, user skills, and protective measures impact the risk of the most common forms of online victimisation and online polyvictimisation. Our nationally representative survey data were collected from 5455 Finns aged 15 to 74 years (response rate 39%) as part of the Finnish National Crime Survey in 2018. According to our findings, the five most common forms of victimisation were malware, harassment, sexual harassment, hacking, and fraud. Online routines and exposure to potential offenders, along with past offline victimisation experiences, served as notable risk factors for a range of different victimisation experiences online. Our findings show slightly different SES risk factors for victimisation of different online offences, thereby indicating the diverse nature of different types of online victimisation. Our findings also show that young age, better financial situation, high internet use, and user skills, along with past offline victimisation of property crime and violence, associate with increased risk of online polyvictimisation. High user protection decreased the risk of online polyvictimisation.

Formation of ideas about end-to-end digital technologies among prospective speech therapists

According to the program Digital Economy of the Russian Federation adopted in 2017, the share of the population with digital skills should be 40%. Moreover, these skills include not only user skills, but also specific ones related to a specific professional activity. In this regard, higher educational institutions are faced with the task of training personnel who will be able to work effectively in the era of digital development of the economy, namely, to be able to work with end-to-end digital technologies. In order to cope with this task successfully, it is necessary to change the main professional educational programs and include work programs of disciplines in which end-to-end digital technologies become the object and / or means of study. This paper analyzes the problem of the readiness of prospective speech therapists majoring in 44.03.03 special (defectological) education to use end-to-end digital technologies in their professional activities. The authors characterize the course End-to-end digital technologies, which appeared in the 2021/2022 academic year at Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education among first-year students of the Faculty of Psychology and Special Education. Based on the results of the course approbation, the authors formulate conclusions about the advisability of supplementing the training of students with a workshop that allows them to master several applied software products based on end-to-end digital technologies at an in-depth level.

Cyber-Physical Systems, Blended Tool Environments, and Playful Creativity

All tools humanity uses are extensions of their physical and/or virtual reach, towards a specific purpose or to fulfill a particular, specified, or dedicated task. The tool is handled, initiated and actively guided to participate in interaction, perception, and/or interpretation of the world around us. Tools mediate in action and interaction, like handling a toothbrush to gain a fresh set of cleaned teeth or to use a hammer to pound nails in a material. The real physicality of these human interactions convey a lot of information and creates knowledge in various levels of insight and understanding. Not only in terms of feeling satisfied in the accomplishment of a task, but also in the experience of tool use and succesful interaction. Furthermore, metacognitive aspects of tool use occur when human beings and tools work together and can be seen as an action-based method of advancing knowledge. In the quotidian, a mixture of tools (i.e. used, embedded) and tool activities occur to directly or indirectly interact with our physical and virtual surroundings, things, or systems. Analogue tools, like e.g. knives, pens, chairs and cars have different complexities, but through communicated ’meaning’ (Dewey, 2005) [9], these artifacts possess a distinct quality and intrinsic interaction of use. Some of these tools have very simple but effective use qualities and therefore are most of the time easy to understand in function and use. Other more sophisticated tools imply more study and demand lots of exercise (i.e. high learning threshold) in order to get the full benefit, function and gain in user experience (UX) and results. In the digital and virtual realms many varieties of computational tools are encountered. As a consequence, many categories and levels of tool use, usage through interaction, usability, user-skills and UX happen. The last decades showed a plethora of tool applications and tool interactions that eluded many users, consequently leading to misinterpretation, misguidance, frustration, reduction and inert mediocrity. Not to speculate that digital innovations and tools are defunct gadgets or not worthy of inclusion in daily life. On the contrary, digital technology plays a crucial role in our understanding of the physical and virtual worlds that co-exists and give us much broader boundless experiences and perspectives than ever before. The problem with most digital tools is, the constructed user interface (UI) and user interaction (UA) between a user and machine, as shown in, for example; Carroll, 1991 [5], Carroll, 2002 [6], Dix, 2009 [10], Hartson, 2003 [16], Piumsomboon et al., 2017 [31], Wendrich, 2016 [44], Rogers, 2011 [33]. This in turn has lead to more study and research being conducted on this subject over the last decades, what somehow lead to more confusion and misapprehension. Incremental improvements in UI have been explored and became a sort of standard, new approaches to UIs and UAs have appeared and wiped others, in some cases e.g. multi-touch sensing surfaces became a next step in interacting with the digital-virtual realms. This in turn lead to a leap in applications software (app) design to create tools that were easy to manipulate and use by swiping fingers across high-definition interactive icons to work the tool. However, how feebly, fleetly or superficial this type of mediated interactions may seem, somehow it became a prefered way of ’doing things.’ Gradually this kind of interaction became the standard, encroached with instant gratification and satisfaction. Eventually, everything is an approximation with human frailty, so is tool use and are tools, Figure 19.1.

Current Best Practice for Presenting Probabilities in Patient Decision Aids: Fundamental Principles

Background Shared decision making requires evidence to be conveyed to the patient in a way they can easily understand and compare. Patient decision aids facilitate this process. This article reviews the current evidence for how to present numerical probabilities within patient decision aids. Methods Following the 2013 review method, we assembled a group of 9 international experts on risk communication across Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We expanded the topics covered in the first review to reflect emerging areas of research. Groups of 2 to 3 authors reviewed the relevant literature based on their expertise and wrote each section before review by the full authorship team. Results Of 10 topics identified, we present 5 fundamental issues in this article. Although some topics resulted in clear guidance (presenting the chance an event will occur, addressing numerical skills), other topics (context/evaluative labels, conveying uncertainty, risk over time) continue to have evolving knowledge bases. We recommend presenting numbers over a set time period with a clear denominator, using consistent formats between outcomes and interventions to enable unbiased comparisons, and interpreting the numbers for the reader to meet the needs of varying numeracy. Discussion Understanding how different numerical formats can bias risk perception will help decision aid developers communicate risks in a balanced, comprehensible manner and avoid accidental “nudging” toward a particular option. Decisions between probability formats need to consider the available evidence and user skills. The review may be useful for other areas of science communication in which unbiased presentation of probabilities is important.

Authorities Digital Information Openness as a Tool for Overcoming Digital Divide in Russia

In the context of Russia's digital transformation, the systemic digitalization of the dialogue between the public and the authorities is gaining particular relevance. The dialogue involves dealing with various problems of digital inequality, which include not only access to information and individual user skills but also ensuring simple process of getting the required amount of information about the local authorities’ activity. The role of the authorities here is providing the “digital information openness”, i.e. reporting to the local community about their work, receiving feedback from the residents and involving them in the informational dialogue. Authorities’ digital information openness will help to make them approachable for people and achieve “two-way” communication with the public. This will keep the government bodies well informed about the real socio-political situation in the region and guarantee the public’s involvement in the process of making decisions on development of the region and municipalities. The article analyzes web resources of government agencies and social network accounts of highest officials in eight RF constituent territories with various levels of economic development. The analysis shows that one of the key factors of supporting the dialogue between authorities and the public and developing digital information openness is federal and local legislative regulation.

T-Scan 10 Recording Dynamics, System Features, and Clinician User Skills Required for T-Scan Chairside Mastery

The newly designed T-Scan 10 Computerized Occlusal Analysis system represents the state of the art in occlusal diagnosis. The reliability of the system's high definition recording sensors, the many occlusal analysis timing and force software features, and the modern-day computer hardware electronics that record occlusal function in 0.003 second real-time increments, affords a clinician unparalleled occlusal contact timing and force information, with which to predictably diagnose and treat many occlusal abnormalities. T-Scan 10 represents the culmination of 34 years of T-Scan technology innovation development. T-Scan 10 has revised desktop graphics with additional toolbar buttons that enhance T-Scan functionality and improve chairside T-Scan clinical implementation. The system's most recent important advancement, discussed in this chapter, is the melding of T-Scan digital occlusal force and timing data with digitally-scanned dental arches to overlay T-Scan data on a patient's virtual arch. This is a major system upgrade that inserts the T-Scan technology directly into the digital dentistry revolution presently arising in dental medicine. The chapter details the five useful diagnostic occlusal recordings employed when treating commonly observed occlusal problems, and lastly outlines the three learning levels of T-Scan mastery that must be accomplished for a clinician to become an effective and competent T-Scan user.