scholarly journals Numerical Modelling of Lithospheric Block-and-Fault Dynamics: What Did We Learn About Large Earthquake Occurrences and Their Frequency?

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alik Ismail-Zadeh ◽  
Alexander Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Plate Motion ◽  
Recurrence Time ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Fault Dynamics ◽  
Dynamics Models ◽  
Large Earthquakes

AbstractDynamics of lithospheric plates resulting in localisation of tectonic stresses and their release in large earthquakes provides important information for seismic hazard assessments. Numerical modelling of the dynamics and earthquake simulations have been changing our view about occurrences of large earthquakes in a system of major regional faults and about the recurrence time of the earthquakes. Here, we overview quantitative models of tectonic stress generation and stress transfer, models of dynamic systems reproducing basic features of seismicity, and fault dynamics models. Then, we review the thirty-year efforts in the modelling of lithospheric block-and-fault dynamics, which allowed us to better understand how the blocks react to the plate motion, how stresses are localised and released in earthquakes, how rheological properties of fault zones exert influence on the earthquake dynamics, where large seismic events occur, and what is the recurrence time of these events. A few key factors influencing the earthquake sequences, clustering, and magnitude are identified including lithospheric plate driving forces, the geometry of fault zones, and their physical properties. We illustrate the effects of the key factors by analysing the block-and-fault dynamics models applied to several earthquake-prone regions, such as Carpathians, Caucasus, Tibet-Himalaya, and the Sunda arc, as well as to the global tectonic plate dynamics.

CRUSTAL DEFORMATION STUDIES IN JAVA (INDONESIA) USING GPS

2009 ◽  
Vol 03 (02) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
HASANUDDIN Z. ABIDIN ◽  
HERI ANDREAS ◽  
TERUYUKI KATO ◽  
TAKEO ITO ◽  
IRWAN MEILANO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Faults ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
First Year ◽  
Horizontal Deformation ◽  
West Java ◽  
Plate Movement ◽  
Tsunami Earthquake ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Seismic Deformation ◽  
Large Earthquakes

Along the Java trench the Australian–Oceanic plate is moving and pushing onto and subducting beneath the Java continental crust at a relative motion of about 70 mm/yr in NNE direction. This subduction-zone process imposed tectonic stresses on the fore-arc region offshore and on the land of Java, thus causing the formation of earthquake fault zones to accommodate the plate movement. Historically, several large earthquakes happened in Java, including West Java. This research use GPS surveys method to study the inter-seismic deformation of three active faults in West Java region (i.e. Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis faults), and the co-seismic and post-seismic deformation related to the May 2006 Yogyakarta and the July 2006 South Java earthquakes. Based on GPS surveys results it was found that the area around Cimandiri, Lembang and Baribis fault zones have the horizontal displacements of about 1 to 2 cm/yr or less. Further research is however still needed to extract the real inter-seismic deformation of the faults from those GPS-derived displacements. GPS surveys have also estimated that the May 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake was caused by the sinistral movement of the (Opak) fault with horizontal co-seismic deformation that generally was less than 10 cm. The post-seismic horizontal deformation of the July 2006 South Java tsunami earthquake has also been estimated using GPS surveys data. In the first year after the earthquake (2006 to 2007), the post-seismic deformation is generally less than 5 cm; and it becomes generally less than 3 cm in the second year (2007 to 2008).

Numerical modelling of CO2-water-basalt interaction

2008 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Gysi ◽  
A. Stefánsson
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Basaltic Glass ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Secondary Minerals ◽  
Reactive Surface Area ◽  
Water Composition ◽  
Competing Reactions

AbstractThe effects of CO2 on water-basaltic glass interaction have been simulated at 25ºC. The calculations indicate that addition of CO2 (2—30 bar) to water significantly changes the reaction path. Initially, the pH is buffered between 4 and 6 by CO2 ionization, with dissolution of basaltic glass and the formation of secondary minerals with SiO2, Mg-Fe carbonates and dolomite predominating. Upon the dissolution of additional basaltic glass and mineral fixation of CO2, the pH increases to >8 and (Ca)-Fe-Mg smectites, SiO2, Ca-Na zeolites and calcite become the dominant secondary minerals forming. The overall reaction path depends on the initial water composition, reactive surface area, and the composition of the phyllosilicates and carbonates forming. The key factors are the mobility of Mg2+, Fe2+ and Ca2+ and the competing reactions for these solutes among secondary minerals.

scholarly journals GEODYNAMICS

GEODYNAMICS ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2(11)2011 (2(11)) ◽  
pp. 315-316
Author(s):  
V. V. Furman ◽  
◽  
M. M. Khomiak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Thin Plate ◽  
Thermal Convection ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Finite Element Approach ◽  
Earth’S Mantle ◽  
Elastic Thin Plate ◽  
Element Approach

Thermal convection in Earth’s mantle are driving forces of plate tectonics. Combine model –viscous uncompressed mantle and thermo-elastic thin plate – is developed. The finite element approach in numerical modelling of geodynamical processes is presented.

scholarly journals Evaluating regional agricultural water resources system resilience and analyzing driving factors in the Hongxinglong Administration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zhao ◽  
Dong Liu ◽  
Qiumei Wang ◽  
Qiuyuan Li ◽  
Xu Liang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Projection Pursuit ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Water Resources System ◽  
Level Ii ◽  
System Resilience ◽  
Agricultural Water Resources

Abstract A Projection Pursuit Classification model optimized by the Cat Swarm Optimization algorithm (CSO-PPC) was proposed to evaluate system resilience in Hongxinglong Administration of Heilongjiang Province, China. Meanwhile, the driving forces behind resilience were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). CSO-PPC was used to evaluate resilience for the 12 farms in Hongxinglong Administration, and PCA was applied to select the key factors driving their resilience. Results showed that the key factors were per capita water, unit area grain yield, application of fertilizer per unit cultivated area and the proportion of cultivated land, which were closely related to human production and planting area. Overall water resources system resilience improved by 2011 compared to 2005. Specifically, water resources system resilience grades for the 12 farms were divided into five levels from inferior to superior, i.e. I to V. After six years of development, the resilience of eight farms had improved. Farm Youyi and Farm 853 were upgraded from inferior level II to the best level V. However, according to the data, four farms still had low resilience that had not improved in recent years. Further results showed that the driving forces decreased from 1998 to 2003 and increased from 2003 to 2011.

An econometric analysis of the factors affecting consumers' bread waste and consumption behaviour: a case study of Isparta province, Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deniz Sarica ◽  
Vecdi Demircan ◽  
Aybike Erturk ◽  
Nilay Arslantas
Keyword(s):  
Driving Forces ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Consumption Behaviour ◽  
Underlying Causes

PurposeThe purpose of the research is to identify the various factors affecting bread wastage and bread consumption of consumers in Isparta, Turkey.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses the categorical regression (CATREG) model to estimate the driving forces of bread waste and consumption. The study concentrates on data obtained from 384 respondents speaking for the same number of households placed in the province of Isparta in Turkey.FindingsThe results indicate that both models are statistically significant at the 1% level. Parents' profession, storage method, type of bread consumed, daily bread expenditure, monthly income and the idea of “bread is cheap” are the most important variables affecting bread wastage. Regarding bread consumption, parents' profession, fathers' education level, monthly income, inadequate control in bakeries, household size and the idea of “bread makes people fat” are found to play significant roles.Practical implicationsThe results could be helpful to develop influential policies on healthy eating and aiming plans to reduce bread consumption to healthy levels and prevent bread waste.Social implicationsThis research contributes to knowledge regarding the underlying causes of the bread consumption and wastage of Turkish consumers in the light of the data analysis for Isparta province.Originality/valueThis paper contains unique and original understandings concerning bread consumption and wastage attitudes and determinants for consumers from Isparta, Turkey. The novel findings of this research have conduced to a better understanding of the key factors that affect bread consumption and waste. The paper also applies an econometric analysis using a CATREG model to analyse the factors influencing consumers' bread waste and consumption behaviour in Isparta province, Turkey.

scholarly journals Mapping asperities by minima of local recurrence time: San Jacinto-Elsinore fault zones

2000 ◽  
Vol 105 (B4) ◽  
pp. 7829-7844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Wyss ◽  
Danijel Schorlemmer ◽  
Stefan Wiemer
Keyword(s):  
Local Recurrence ◽  
Fault Zones ◽  
Recurrence Time

Trench investigations through the trace of the 1980 El Asnam thrust fault: Evidence for paleoseismicity

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 979-999
Author(s):  
M. Meghraoui ◽  
H. Philip ◽  
F. Albarede ◽  
A. Cisternas
Keyword(s):  
Late Holocene ◽  
Slip Rate ◽  
Thrust Fault ◽  
Recurrence Time ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Tectonic Event ◽  
Vertical Movements ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Flood Deposits ◽  
Large Earthquakes

Abstract During the EI Asnam earthquake of 10 October 1980 (Ms = 7.3), a clear active thrust fault with left-lateral offset was observed. Three trenches have been excavated across this fault in order to determine slip rate and recurrence intervals between large earthquakes, and thus reconstruct its past activity. Exposure I was excavated in the flood area created in 1980 by a pressure ridge across the Cheliff and Fodda Rivers. Six flood deposits (silty-sandy and muddy horizons) alternating with paleosoils appear in this exposure; they are affected by normal faults associated with the main thrust fault. Assuming that every flood deposit results from a tectonic event of magnitude greater than 7, we can correlate previous flood deposits with these events. Exposures II and III display thrust faults displacing different paleosoils. We propose a sequence of reconstructions based on the thickness of the various deposits and the dip-slip of each tectonic event. The Late Holocene slip rate is 0.65 mm/yr for the dip-slip and 0.46 mm/yr for each of the horizontal and the vertical movements. Radiocarbon dates of coseismic movements indicate a rather irregular seismic activity during the past 7000 yr. Two sequences of large earthquakes around 4000 yr B.P. and around the modern age are separated with a period of quiescence. The average Late Holocene recurrence interval of large earthquakes is 1061 yr; however, during the active faulting episodes, the recurrence time varies from approximately 300 to 500 yr.

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