scholarly journals The relative abundance of wheat Rubisco activase isoforms is post-transcriptionally regulated

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Alejandro Perdomo ◽  
Peter Buchner ◽  
Elizabete Carmo-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Rubisco Activase ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Diel Cycle ◽  
Diurnal Rhythms ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Β Protein ◽  
Wheat Leaves

AbstractDiurnal rhythms and light availability affect transcription–translation feedback loops that regulate the synthesis of photosynthetic proteins. The CO2-fixing enzyme Rubisco is the most abundant protein in the leaves of major crop species and its activity depends on interaction with the molecular chaperone Rubisco activase (Rca). In Triticum aestivum L. (wheat), three Rca isoforms are present that differ in their regulatory properties. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the relative abundance of the redox-sensitive and redox-insensitive Rca isoforms could be differentially regulated throughout light–dark diel cycle in wheat. While TaRca1-β expression was consistently negligible throughout the day, transcript levels of both TaRca2-β and TaRca2-α were higher and increased at the start of the day, with peak levels occurring at the middle of the photoperiod. Abundance of TaRca-β protein was maximal 1.5 h after the peak in TaRca2-β expression, but the abundance of TaRca-α remained constant during the entire photoperiod. The redox-sensitive TaRca-α isoform was less abundant, representing 85% of the redox-insensitive TaRca-β at the transcript level and 12.5% at the protein level. Expression of Rubisco large and small subunit genes did not show a consistent pattern throughout the diel cycle, but the abundance of Rubisco decreased by up to 20% during the dark period in fully expanded wheat leaves. These results, combined with a lack of correlation between transcript and protein abundance for both Rca isoforms and Rubisco throughout the entire diel cycle, suggest that the abundance of these photosynthetic enzymes is post-transcriptionally regulated.

scholarly journals Silencing of a Wheat Ortholog of Glucan Synthase-Like Gene Reduced Resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Cheng ◽  
Zihao Wang ◽  
Yanyan Ren ◽  
Pengfei Jin ◽  
Kangjie Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Blumeria Graminis ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Glucan Synthase ◽  
Wheat Powdery Mildew ◽  
Wheat Leaves

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a major threat to wheat production worldwide. It is known that Arabidopsis thaliana glucan synthase-like 5 (AtGSL5) improves the resistance of wheat to powdery mildew by increasing its anti-penetration abilities. However, the function of glucan synthase-like (GSL) orthologs in crop species remains largely unknown. In this study, TaGSL22, a novel functional ortholog of AtGSL5, was isolated as the only Bgt-induced GSL gene in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaGSL22 was conserved within the group of Gramineae and showed a closer relationship to GSL orthologs from monocots than to those from dicots. The TaGSL22 transcript was highest in the wheat leaves, followed by stems then roots. TaGSL22 was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of wheat protoplasts, as predicted by transmembrane structure analysis. In addition, expression of TaGSL22 was induced by the plant hormones ethylene (ETH) and salicylic acid (SA), but down-regulated by jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The transcript level of TaGSL22 was up-regulated in the incompatible interaction between Bgt and wheat, whereas it remained relatively unchanged in the compatible interaction. Knocking down of TaGSL22 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) induced a higher infection type in the wheat–Bgt interaction. The TaGSL22-silenced plants exhibited reduced resistance to Bgt, accompanied by decreased callose accumulation. Our study shows a conserved function of GSL genes in plant immunity associated with penetration resistance, and it indicates that TaGSL22 can be used to improve papilla composition and enhance resistance to wheat powdery mildew.

scholarly journals TaMCA4, a Novel Wheat Metacaspase Gene Functions in Programmed Cell Death Induced by the Fungal Pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 755-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodong Wang ◽  
Xiaojie Wang ◽  
Hao Feng ◽  
Chunlei Tang ◽  
Pengfei Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Programmed Cell Death ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Puccinia Striiformis ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Wheat Leaves ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Bax Gene

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a physiological process to remove redundant or harmful cells, for the development of multicellular organisms, or for restricting the spread of pathogens (hypersensitive response). Metacaspases are cysteine-dependent proteases which play an essential role in PCD. Triticum aestivum metacaspase 4 (TaMCA4) is a type II metacaspase gene cloned from ‘Suwon11’ wheat, with typical structural features such as peptidase C14 caspase domain and a long linker sequence between the two subunits. Transient expression of TaMCA4 in tobacco leaves failed to induce PCD directly but enhanced cell death triggered by a mouse Bax gene or a candidate effector gene from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. Enhancement of PCD was also observed in wheat leaves co-bombarded with TaMCA4. When challenged with the avirulent race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, the expression level of TaMCA4 in wheat leaves was sharply upregulated, whereas the transcript level was not significantly induced by the virulent race. Moreover, knocking down TaMCA4 expression by virus-induced gene silencing enhanced the susceptibility of Suwon11 to the avirulent race of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici and reduced the necrotic area at infection sites.

scholarly journals Flexible Community Structure Correlates with Stable Community Function in Methanogenic Bioreactor Communities Perturbed by Glucose

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 4058-4067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana S. Fernandez ◽  
Syed A. Hashsham ◽  
Sherry L. Dollhopf ◽  
Lutgarde Raskin ◽  
Olga Glagoleva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Restriction Analysis ◽  
Companion Paper ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Ssu Rdna ◽  
Ssu Rrna ◽  
Rdna Genes ◽  
Community Function ◽  
Fermentative Bacteria

ABSTRACT Methanogenic bioreactor communities were used as model ecosystems to evaluate the relationship between functional stability and community structure. Replicated methanogenic bioreactor communities with two different community structures were established. The effect of a substrate loading shock on population dynamics in each microbial community was examined by using morphological analysis, small-subunit (SSU) rRNA oligonucleotide probes, amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction analysis (ARDRA), and partial sequencing of SSU rDNA clones. One set of replicated communities, designated the high-spirochete (HS) set, was characterized by good replicability, a high proportion of spiral and short thin rod morphotypes, a dominance of spirochete-related SSU rDNA genes, and a high percentage ofMethanosarcina-related SSU rRNA. The second set of communities, designated the low-spirochete (LS) set, was characterized by incomplete replicability, higher morphotype diversity dominated by cocci, a predominance of Streptococcus-related and deeply branching Spirochaetales-related SSU rDNA genes, and a high percentage of Methanosaeta-related SSU rRNA. In the HS communities, glucose perturbation caused a dramatic shift in the relative abundance of fermentative bacteria, with temporary displacement of spirochete-related ribotypes byEubacterium-related ribotypes, followed by a return to the preperturbation community structure. The LS communities were less perturbed, with Streptococcus-related organisms remaining prevalent after the glucose shock, although changes in the relative abundance of minor members were detected by morphotype analysis. A companion paper demonstrates that the more stable LS communities were less functionally stable than the HS communities (S. A. Hashsham, A. S. Fernandez, S. L. Dollhopf, F. B. Dazzo, R. F. Hickey, J. M. Tiedje, and C. S. Criddle, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:4050–4057, 2000).

scholarly journals Influence of crop species and edaphic factors on the distribution and abundance of trichoderma in alfisol soils of southern India

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vellaisamy Muniappan ◽  
Thangavelu Muthukumar
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Edaphic Factors ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Trichoderma Species ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Fungal Abundance ◽  
Dry Soil

Abstract The effect of crop species and edaphic factors on the distribution of Trichoderma species in Alfisol soil under different agrosystems was evaluated. Each soil sample was assayed for nine abiotic factors and culturable microfungal populations. Fungal abundance was determined by dilution plate technique, and the identification of fungi was based on morphological characteristics. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship of association between these factors and the presence and abundance of Trichoderma species in each soil type. The abundance of soil fungi ranged between 7.0 × 103 and 13.6 × 103 colony forming units (cfus) per gram of dry soil. The population densities of the two Trichoderma species (T. koningii and T. viride) isolated in the present study varied significantly with crop species and their abundance (varied from 0.6 to 3.6 × 103 cfus g-1 dry soil). Twenty-two other colony-forming fungal types with an abundance ranging between 7.0 × 103 and 13.6 × 103 cfus g-1 dry soil were also isolated in the present study. As soil pH negatively influenced relative abundance of T. koningii, soil P and relative abundance of T. viride were significantly and positively correlated to each other. Further, relative abundance of T. koningii was significantly and positively correlated to relative abundance of Aspergillus fumigatus but negatively correlated to relative abundance of Stachybotrys atra. Likewise, a significant negative correlation existed between relative abundance of T. viride and Absidia glauca.

scholarly journals 232 SPECIES-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN BLASTOCYST QUALITY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN RELATIVE mRNA EXPRESSION

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 266
Author(s):  
D. Rizos ◽  
A. Gutierrez-Adan ◽  
P. Moreira ◽  
C. O'Meara ◽  
T. Fair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Transcript Abundance ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Embryo Morphology ◽  
Bovine Embryos

We have previously reported a species-related qualitative difference (in terms of ultrastructural morphology and cryotolerance) between bovine and ovine blastocysts produced under identical conditions of in vitro culture in synthetic oviduct fluid (SOF1, Rizos et al. 2002 Mol. Reprod. Dev. 62, 320–327). The overall objective of this study was to see if these differences were reflected at the transcript level. From each of five IVF replicates, groups of 10 bovine and 10 ovine blastocysts were used. The objective of Experiment 1 was to compare the relative transcript abundance of eight candidate genes between ovine and bovine blastocysts cultured in SOF1. Following real-time quantitative RT-PCR, transcript levels for MnSOD, survivin, and Glut-5 were significantly higher in ovine than in bovine blastocysts (ANOVA, P < 0.05), while transcripts for Cx31, IFN-tau and SOX were significantly more abundant in bovine blastocysts (P < 0.01). For the two remaining transcripts, E-cad and Na/K, there was no difference. The objective of Experiment 2 was to examine the possibility of modifying the pattern of expression in both types of blastocysts by changing the culture medium. Culture took place in SOF1 or SOF2 (Holm et al. 1999 Theriogenology 52, 683–700). Culture of bovine embryos in SOF2 resulted in a significant increase in the level of expression of MnSOD and Glut-5 (P < 0.05) compared to culture in SOF1. For all the other transcripts except survivin, there was a significant decrease in the relative abundance. Culture of ovine embryos in either SOF1 or SOF2 did not have a major influence on transcript abundance; of the eight transcripts examined, the relative abundance of only one, SOX, was significantly altered. Based on the above, the objective of Experiment 3 (3 replicates) was to determine whether the changed pattern of expression in bovine blastocysts produced in SOF2 was associated with an improvement in cryotolerance. Bovine blastocysts produced in both culture media were vitrified and warmed, and survival was assessed by re-expansion and hatching. Blastocysts produced in SOF2 had significantly higher survival rates at 24, 48, and 72 h and significantly higher hatching rates following vitrification and warming than those produced in SOF1 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the apparent differences between ovine and bovine embryos in their adaptability to culture conditions, manifested in differences in embryo morphology and cryotolerance, are related to differences in mRNA relative abundance. This work was supported by Science Foundation Ireland under Grant No. 02/IN1/B78 and by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia from Spain under Grant No. AGL2003-05783.

Rubisco production in maize mesophyll cells through ectopic expression of subunits and chaperones

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber M Hotto ◽  
Coralie Salesse-Smith ◽  
Myat Lin ◽  
Florian A Busch ◽  
Isabelle Simpson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Rubisco Activase ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Bundle Sheath ◽  
Subunit Gene ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Mesophyll Cells ◽  
Assembly Factors

Abstract C4 plants, such as maize, strictly compartmentalize Rubisco to bundle sheath chloroplasts. The molecular basis for the restriction of Rubisco from the more abundant mesophyll chloroplasts is not fully understood. Mesophyll chloroplasts transcribe the Rubisco large subunit gene, and when normally quiescent transcription of the nuclear Rubisco small subunit gene family is overcome by ectopic expression, mesophyll chloroplasts still do not accumulate measurable Rubisco. Here we show that a combination of five ubiquitin promoter-driven nuclear transgenes expressed in maize leads to mesophyll accumulation of assembled Rubisco. These encode the Rubisco large and small subunits, Rubisco Assembly Factors 1 and 2, and the assembly factor Bundle Sheath Defective 2. In these plants Rubisco large subunit accumulates in mesophyll cells, and appears to be assembled into holoenzyme capable of binding the substrate analog CABP. Isotope discrimination assays suggest, however, that mesophyll Rubisco is not participating in carbon assimilation in these plants, most likely due to a lack of the substrate ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and/or Rubisco activase. Overall, this work defines a minimal set of Rubisco assembly factors in planta and may help lead to methods of regulating the C4 pathway.

scholarly journals How Management Factors Influence Weed Communities of Cereals, Their Diversity and Endangered Weed Species in Central Europe

Agriculture ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schumacher ◽  
Simon Ohnmacht ◽  
Ronja Rosenstein ◽  
Roland Gerhards
Keyword(s):  
Species Conservation ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Alopecurus Myosuroides ◽  
Weed Communities ◽  
Weed Diversity ◽  
Cereal Fields

The loss of weed biodiversity in agricultural fields is a global issue that needs to be counteracted to preserve their supported ecosystem services and food webs. Many short-term efforts are undertaken to conserve weed species, especially already endangered ones, but several years after expiration, eventually result in species-poor communities. Understanding drivers of community composition is key to prevent biodiversity loss. To understand the factors that shape weed communities and influence weed diversity and endangered weed species, we monitored conventional and organic cereal fields in two regions of southwestern Germany. A redundancy analysis was performed on vegetation recordings and data from a farmer survey. Crop species, herbicide use, farming system, nitrogen, and light availability had the strongest impact on weed diversity. The weed communities were dominated by Alopecurus myosuroides, Galium aparine, Viola arvensis, Polygonum convolvulus, and Veronica persica, and were mainly shaped by crop species, tillage, location in the field, and timing of herbicide application. Bromus grossus and Bromus secalinus, two endangered weed species, survived in conventional field margins as a result of the use of herbicides with gaps for Bromus species. Conservation efforts are not restricted to organic farming and should consider the major drivers of weed communities. Precision farming techniques are available to create networks of habitats for endangered and common weed species and subsequently increase agro-biodiversity per se.

scholarly journals Cloning and Characterization of Glycolate Oxidase and NADH-Dependent Hydropyruvate Reductase Genes in Pachysandra terminalis

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1226-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suping Zhou ◽  
Fur-Chi Chen ◽  
Samuel Nahashon ◽  
Tingting Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cold Treatment ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Rubisco Activase ◽  
Glycolate Oxidase ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Protection Mechanism ◽  
Hydroxypyruvate Reductase ◽  
Targeting Signal ◽  
And Control

Photorespiration provides a protection mechanism in plants by diverting excessive energy accumulated from photochemical reaction, metabolizing toxic products and producing some protective molecules. The authors report cloning and characterization of a glycolate oxidase gene (GOX; NCBI accession DQ442286) and a NADH-dependent hydroxypyruvate reductase gene (HPR; NCBI DQ442287) from Pachysandra terminallis. The DQ442286 had the predicted GOX-like–Riboflavin-5′-phosphate (FMN) conserved domain and the DQ442287 had the predicted adenosine 5′-(alpha-thio)diphospho-5′-ribofuranosylnicotinamide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding domain (2-Hacid_DH_C). C-terminal peroxisome targeting signal was predicted to be -ARL for DQ442286 and –SKL for DQ442287. Both genes encoded enzyme proteins that are located in peroxisome and are involved in the photorespiration process. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was performed to compare transcript level of the cloned genes after cold treatment. The 18s Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) was included to calibrate the data. The relative cycle threshold values (gene/18s rRNA) were 1.4, 1.5, and 1.5 for GOX and 1.2, 1.3, and 1.3 for HPR in the treatments of 4 °C 4 h, 4 °C 12 h, and control. The data revealed that gene expression was enhanced by only short-term (4-h) cold treatment. A ribulose-1, 5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activase gene (DQ 486905) was also cloned and analyzed following the same procedure.

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