wheat powdery mildew
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2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Cheng ◽  
Zihao Wang ◽  
Yanyan Ren ◽  
Pengfei Jin ◽  
Kangjie Ma ◽  
...  

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a major threat to wheat production worldwide. It is known that Arabidopsis thaliana glucan synthase-like 5 (AtGSL5) improves the resistance of wheat to powdery mildew by increasing its anti-penetration abilities. However, the function of glucan synthase-like (GSL) orthologs in crop species remains largely unknown. In this study, TaGSL22, a novel functional ortholog of AtGSL5, was isolated as the only Bgt-induced GSL gene in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaGSL22 was conserved within the group of Gramineae and showed a closer relationship to GSL orthologs from monocots than to those from dicots. The TaGSL22 transcript was highest in the wheat leaves, followed by stems then roots. TaGSL22 was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of wheat protoplasts, as predicted by transmembrane structure analysis. In addition, expression of TaGSL22 was induced by the plant hormones ethylene (ETH) and salicylic acid (SA), but down-regulated by jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The transcript level of TaGSL22 was up-regulated in the incompatible interaction between Bgt and wheat, whereas it remained relatively unchanged in the compatible interaction. Knocking down of TaGSL22 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) induced a higher infection type in the wheat–Bgt interaction. The TaGSL22-silenced plants exhibited reduced resistance to Bgt, accompanied by decreased callose accumulation. Our study shows a conserved function of GSL genes in plant immunity associated with penetration resistance, and it indicates that TaGSL22 can be used to improve papilla composition and enhance resistance to wheat powdery mildew.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Ziheng Feng ◽  
Li Song ◽  
Jianzhao Duan ◽  
Li He ◽  
Yanyan Zhang ◽  
...  

Powdery mildew severely affects wheat growth and yield; therefore, its effective monitoring is essential for the prevention and control of the disease and global food security. In the present study, a spectroradiometer and thermal infrared cameras were used to obtain hyperspectral signature and thermal infrared images data, and thermal infrared temperature parameters (TP) and texture features (TF) were extracted from the thermal infrared images and RGB images of wheat with powdery mildew, during the wheat flowering and filling periods. Based on the ten vegetation indices from the hyperspectral data (VI), TF and TP were integrated, and partial least square regression, random forest regression (RFR), and support vector machine regression (SVR) algorithms were used to construct a prediction model for a wheat powdery mildew disease index. According to the results, the prediction accuracy of RFR was higher than in other models, under both single data source modeling and multi-source data modeling; among the three data sources, VI was the most suitable for powdery mildew monitoring, followed by TP, and finally TF. The RFR model had stable performance in multi-source data fusion modeling (VI&TP&TF), and had the optimal estimation performance with 0.872 and 0.862 of R2 for calibration and validation, respectively. The application of multi-source data collaborative modeling could improve the accuracy of remote sensing monitoring of wheat powdery mildew, and facilitate the achievement of high-precision remote sensing monitoring of crop disease status.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengtao Ma ◽  
Liru Wu ◽  
Yufei Xu ◽  
Hongxing Xu ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
...  

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a destructive disease leading to huge yield losses in production. Host resistance can greatly contribute to the control of the disease. To explore potential genes related to the powdery mildew (Pm) resistance, in this study, we used a resistant genotype YD588 to investigate the potential resistance components and profiled its expression in response to powdery mildew infection. Genetic analysis showed that a single dominant gene, tentatively designated PmYD588, conferred resistance to powdery mildew in YD588. Using bulked segregant RNA-Seq (BSR-Seq) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) association analysis, two high-confidence candidate regions were detected in the chromosome arm 2B, spanning 453,752,054-506,356,791 and 584,117,809-664,221,850 bp, respectively. To confirm the candidate region, molecular markers were developed using the BSR-Seq data and mapped PmYD588 to an interval of 4.2 cM by using the markers YTU588-004 and YTU588-008. The physical position was subsequently locked into the interval of 647.1–656.0 Mb, which was different from those of Pm6, Pm33, Pm51, Pm52, Pm63, Pm64, PmQ, PmKN0816, MlZec1, and MlAB10 on the same chromosome arm in its position, suggesting that it is most likely a new Pm gene. To explore the potential regulatory genes of the R gene, 2,973 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the parents and bulks were analyzed using gene ontology (GO), clusters of orthologous group (COG), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Based on the data, we selected 23 potential regulated genes in the enriched pathway of plant-pathogen interaction and detected their temporal expression patterns using an additional set of wheat samples and time-course analysis postinoculation with Bgt. As a result, six disease-related genes showed distinctive expression profiles after Bgt invasion and can serve as key candidates for the dissection of resistance mechanisms and improvement of durable resistance to wheat powdery mildew.


2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10239
Author(s):  
Huai Yang ◽  
Shengfu Zhong ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Hao Yang ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
...  

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the obligate parasite Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, severely reduces wheat yields. Identifying durable and effective genes against wheat powdery mildew and further transferring them into wheat cultivars is important for finally controlling this disease in wheat production. Pm40 has been widely used in wheat breeding programs in Southwest China due to the spectrum and potentially durable resistance to powdery mildew. In the present study, a resistance test demonstrated that Pm40 is still effective against the Bgt race E20. We identified and cloned the TraesCS7B01G164000 with a total length of 4883 bp, including three exons and two introns, and encoded a protein carrying the CC-NBS-NBS-LRR domain in the Pm40-linked region flanked by two EST markers, BF478514 and BF291338, by integrating analysis of gene annotation in wheat reference genome and both sequence and expression difference in available transcriptome data. Two missense mutations were detected at positions 68 and 83 in the CC domain. The results of both cosegregation linkage analysis and qRT-PCR also suggested that TraesCS7B01G164000 was a potential candidate gene of Pm40. This study allowed us to move toward the final successfully clone and apply Pm40 in wheat resistance improvement by gene engineering.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3753
Author(s):  
Wei Liu ◽  
Chaofei Sun ◽  
Yanan Zhao ◽  
Fei Xu ◽  
Yuli Song ◽  
...  

Both wheat powdery mildew severities and nitrogen input levels can lead to changes in spectral reflectance, but they have been rarely studied simultaneously for their effect on spectral reflectance. To determine the effects and influences of different nitrogen input levels on monitoring wheat powdery mildew and estimating yield by near-ground hyperspectral remote sensing, Canopy hyperspectral reflectance data acquired at Feekes growth stage (GS) 10.5.3, 10.5.4, and 11.1 were used to monitor wheat powdery mildew and estimate grain yield under different nitrogen input levels during the 2016–2017, 2017–2018, 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 seasons. The relationships of powdery mildew and grain yield with vegetation indices (VIs) derived from spectral reflectance data across the visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) regions of the spectrum were studied. The relationships of canopy spectral reflectance or first derivative spectral reflectance with powdery mildew did not differ under different nitrogen input levels. However, the dynamics of VIs differed in their sensitivities to nitrogen input levels, disease severity, grain yield, The area of the red edge peak (Σdr680–760 nm) was a better overall predictor for both disease severity and grain yield through linear regression models. The slope parameter estimates did not differ between the two nitrogen input levels at each GSs. Hyperspectral indices can be used to monitor wheat powdery mildew and estimate grain yield under different nitrogen input levels, but such models are dependent on GS and year, further research is needed to consider how to incorporate the growth stage and year-to-year variation into future applications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Zhao ◽  
Heng Zhang ◽  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Zongkuan Wang ◽  
Ying Niu ◽  
...  

EXO70 belongs to the exocyst complex subunit that plays a critical role in regulating plant cell polarity establishment and defense response. A previous study proved that the E3 ligase CMPG1-V from Haynaldia villosa, a diploid wheat relative, positively regulates the resistance to wheat powdery mildew (Pm), caused by fungus Blumeria graminis f.sp tritici (Bgt). In this study, a member of EXO70 superfamily named EXO70E1-V was isolated from H. villosa, and EXO70E1-V interacted with CMPG1-V were shown by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), pull-down assay, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, and luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assay. It is localized in various subcellular organs, i.e., plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum. Co-expression of EXO70E1-V and CMPG1-V showed dot-like structure fluorescence signals that were mainly in PM and nucleus. Expression of EXO70E1-V was relatively higher in leaf and was significantly induced by Bgt infection and exogenous application of hormones such as salicylic acid. Transient or stable overexpression of EXO70E1-V could not enhance/decrease the Pm resistance level, suggesting overexpression of EXO70E1-V alone has no impact on Pm resistance in wheat.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Emily A. Meyers ◽  
Rebecca A. Whetten

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is managed primarily with cultivar resistance and foliar fungicides. Quinone outside inhibitors (QoIs), which target the mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene, are one of the two main fungicide classes used on wheat. While European populations of B. graminis f. sp. tritici are widely insensitive to QoIs, largely due to the cytb mutation G143A, the QoI sensitivity of the U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici population had never been evaluated despite years of QoI use on U.S. wheat. A total of 381 B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates from 15 central and eastern U.S. states were screened for sensitivity to QoI fungicides pyraclostrobin and picoxystrobin. A modest range of sensitivities was observed, with maximum resistance factors of 11.2 for pyraclostrobin and 5.3 for picoxystrobin. The F129L, G137R, and G143A cytb mutations were not detected in the U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici population, nor were mutations identified in the PEWY loop, a key part of the Qo site. Thus, no genetic basis for the observed quantitative variation in QoI sensitivity of U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici was identified. Isolate sporulation was weakly negatively associated with reduced QoI sensitivity, suggesting a fitness cost. In the course of the study, the complete B. graminis f. sp. tritici cytb gene sequence was determined for the first time in the isolate 96224 v. 3.16 reference genome. Contrary to previous reports, the gene has an intron that appears to belong to intron group II, which is unusual in fungi. The study was the first QoI sensitivity screening of a large, geographically diverse set of U.S. B. graminis f. sp. tritici isolates, and while the population as a whole remains relatively sensitive, some quantitative loss of efficacy was observed.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshan Xie ◽  
Xuewei Cai ◽  
Chunping Yang ◽  
Linjun Xie ◽  
Guangwei Qin ◽  
...  

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