Prevalence of Past-Year Sexual Assault Victimization Among Undergraduate Students: Exploring Differences by and Intersections of Gender Identity, Sexual Identity, and Race/Ethnicity

Sexual assault is a major public health issue. Bystander engagement programs are becoming widely used to combat sexual assault on college campuses. The purpose of this study was to examine students’ intervention norms, intentions, opportunities, and behaviors as bystanders to sexual assault. Undergraduate students ( N = 779) completed the Sexual Assault Bystander Behavior Questionnaire in the fall of 2014. The t tests revealed differences in students’ intervention norms, intentions, opportunities, and missed opportunities based on sex, race/ethnicity, athletic participation, and fraternity/sorority membership. The findings support the use of additional measures to assess bystander behavior and to identify student subpopulations that may benefit from programs aimed at increasing prosocial intervention.

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Supplemental Material for Gender Identity and Sexual Identity Labels Used by U.S. High School Students: A Co-Occurrence Network Analysis

Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity ◽

10.1037/sgd0000266.supp ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

High School Students ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Sexual Identity ◽

School Students ◽

Identity Labels

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The Contribution of Sexual Identity Towards the Students’ Perception of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender

Journal of Educational and Learning Studies ◽

10.32698/0642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 120

Author(s):

Wiwi Delfita ◽

Neviyarni S. ◽

Riska Ahmad

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Sexual Identity ◽

Student Perceptions ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Simple Linear Regression ◽

Simple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Bisexual And Transgender

Some students perceive lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) positively, even though LGBT is a sexual deviation that is not appropriate with values and norms. There are several factors that influence an individual's perception of LGBT, including sexual identity. This study aims at looking at the contribution of sexual identity to student perceptions about LGBT. This research used a quantitative approach with a descriptive method and a simple linear regression analysis. The sample of this research was 385 taken from 15.752 undergraduate students of Universitas Negeri Padang which the sample was drawn by using the Slovin formula and continued with a Proportional Random Sampling technique. The instrument used was the Guttman model's sexual identity scale and the scale of students' perceptions of the LGBT Likert model. After analyzing the data with the descriptive technique and the simple linear regression analysis, the results showed that sexual identity significantly contributed to the students' perceptions of LGBT. This research has implications as a basis for counselors to help students avoid sexual identity mismatches and prevent the emergence of positive perceptions of LGBT.

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Psychological Predictors for Watching Television: The Role of Racial Representation

Psychological Reports ◽

10.1177/00332941211025266 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 003329412110252

Author(s):

Jennifer Archer ◽

Kadie R. Rackley ◽

Susan Broyles Sookram ◽

Hien Nguyen ◽

Germine H. Awad

Keyword(s):

Undergraduate Students ◽

Social Dominance Orientation ◽

Racial Ideology ◽

Psychological Predictors ◽

Ethnic Representation ◽

Racial Representation ◽

Television Shows ◽

Making Choices ◽

Race Ethnicity

This study explored psychological predictors that may impact viewers’ decision to watch television shows on the basis of perceived racial or ethnic representation. 1998 undergraduate students selected from a list of motivations for watching television that included race-specific motivations such as “a character is of my race/ethnicity.” Participants also completed attitudinal measures of colorblind racial ideology, social dominance orientation, ethnic identity, and ethnic stigma consciousness. Analysis revealed that prejudicial beliefs predicted less salience for racial representation when making choices about television watching, while deeper connection to one’s ethnic group predicted greater salience for representation when making these choices.

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Women of Color Undergraduate Students’ Experiences with Campus Sexual Assault: An Intersectional Analysis

The Review of Higher Education ◽

10.1353/rhe.2020.0033 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 1-30

Author(s):

Jessica C. Harris

Keyword(s):

Sexual Assault ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Women Of Color ◽

Campus Sexual Assault ◽

Intersectional Analysis

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The target/perpetrator brief-implicit association test (B-IAT): an implicit instrument for efficiently measuring discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10171-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maddalena Marini ◽

Pamela D. Waterman ◽

Emry Breedlove ◽

Jarvis T. Chen ◽

Christian Testa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Implicit Association Test ◽

Mental Representations ◽

Association Test ◽

Implicit Association ◽

Implicit Measures ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Explicit Measures

Abstract Background To date, research assessing discrimination has employed primarily explicit measures (i.e., self-reports), which can be subject to intentional and social desirability processes. Only a few studies, focusing on sex and race/ethnicity discrimination, have relied on implicit measures (i.e., Implicit Association Test, IAT), which permit assessing mental representations that are outside of conscious control. This study aims to advance measurement of discrimination by extending the application of implicit measures to multiple types of discrimination and optimizing the time required for the administration of these instruments. Methods Between September 27th 2019 and February 9th 2020, we conducted six experiments (984 participants) to assess implicit and explicit discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex, gender identity, sexual orientation, weight, and age. Implicit discrimination was measured by using the Brief-Implicit Association Test (B-IAT), a new validated version of the IAT developed to shorten the time needed (from ≈15 to ≈2 min) to assess implicit mental representations, while explicit discrimination was assessed using self-reported items. Results Among participants (mean age = 37.8), 68.6% were White Non-Hispanic; 69% were females; 76.1% were heterosexual; 90.7% were gender conforming; 52.8% were medium weight; and 41.5% had an advanced level of education. Overall, we found implicit and explicit recognition of discrimination towards all the target groups (stronger for members of the target than dominant groups). Some exceptions emerged in experiments investigating race/ethnicity and weight discrimination. In the racism experiment, only people of Color showed an implicit recognition of discrimination towards the target group, while White people were neutral. In the fatphobia experiment, participants who were not heavy showed a slight implicit recognition of discrimination towards the dominant group, while heavy participants were neutral. Conclusions This study provides evidence that the B-IAT is a valuable tool for quickly assessing multiple types of implicit discrimination. It shows also that implicit and explicit measures can display diverging results, thus indicating that research would benefit from the use of both these instruments. These results have important implications for the assessment of discrimination in health research as well as in social and psychological science.

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Testing Mark-all-that-apply Measures of Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity

Field Methods ◽

10.1177/1525822x18795872 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 357-370 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Philip S. Brenner ◽

Justine Bulgar-Medina

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Best Practices ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Data Quality ◽

Forced Choice ◽

Social Identities ◽

Factorial Survey ◽

Survey Experiment ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

And Gender

Many social identities (e.g., race, ethnicity) are measured using mark-all-that-apply (MATA) questions because they allow survey respondents to account for the multiple, nonexclusive ways in which they identify themselves. We test the use of MATA measures of sexual orientation and gender identity and compare them with forced choice (FC), an alternative format using a series of yes-or-no questions. Respondents, including an oversample of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) individuals, participated in a 2 × 3 factorial survey experiment. For the first factor, we hypothesize that respondents randomly assigned to FC will report a higher count of identities than those assigned to MATA. For the second factor, we hypothesize that increased topic salience will help LGBQ respondents in particular to overcome poor question design. Findings suggest that MATA and FC measure comparably when question writing best practices are followed, but topic salience can yield higher data quality when poorly formatted questions are used.

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Gender, Sexuality, and Psychological Theories of Youth Development

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.1388 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cassandra R. Homick ◽

Lisa F. Platt

Keyword(s):

Identity Development ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Life Span ◽

Sexual Identity ◽

Sexual Minority ◽

Erik Erikson ◽

Transgender Identity ◽

Stage Models ◽

Minority Identity ◽

And Gender

Gender and sexual identity play a significant role in the lives of developing youth. The developments of gender and sexual identities are shaped by a variety of factors including, but not limited to, biological, cognitive, and social elements. It is crucial to consider that gender and sexual minority individuals face additional complexities in the two processes of gender identity and sexual identity development. Cisgender identity development is most commonly understood with the help of early cognitive and social theories, although biological components play a part as well. Specifically, the theories of Lawrence Kohlberg, Sandra Bem, Alfred Bandura, and David Buss have made significant contributions to the understanding of cisgender identity development. Modern transgender identity development models are helpful in exploring transgender identity formation with the most popular being the Transgender Emergence Model founded by Arlene Lev. Similar to cisgender identity development, heterosexual identity development is typically understood with the help of early psychosocial theories, namely that of Erik Erikson. Sexual minority identity development is often comprehended using stage models and life-span models. Sexual minority stage models build off the work of Erik Erikson, with one of the most popular being the Cass Model of Gay and Lesbian Identity Development. Offering more flexibility than stage models and allowing for fluid sexual identity, life-span models, like the D’Augelli model, are often more popular choices for modern exploration of sexual minority identity development. As both sexual and gender identity spectrums are continuing to expand, there also comes a need for an exploration of the relationship between sexual and gender identity development, particularly among sexual minority populations.

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A scoping review on disparities in exposure to advertising for e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products and implications for advancing a health equity research agenda

International Journal for Equity in Health ◽

10.1186/s12939-021-01576-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Graziele Grilo ◽

Elizabeth Crespi ◽

Joanna E. Cohen

Keyword(s):

Sexual Orientation ◽

Gender Identity ◽

Health Equity ◽

Scoping Review ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Cigarette Advertising ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Advertising And Promotion ◽

Neighborhood Level

Abstract Background Disparities in exposure to and density of tobacco advertising are well established; however, it is still unclear how e-cigarette and heated tobacco product (HTP) advertising vary by age, education, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status (SES), and/or urban/rural area. Through a scoping review, we sought to identify potential disparities in exposure to e-cigarette and HTP advertising and promotion across populations. Methods In January 2020, a systematic literature search was conducted in five databases: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. The search was updated in October 2020. Articles reporting on exposure to e-cigarette and/or HTP advertising and promotion across age, education, sex, gender identity, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, SES, and/or urban/rural areas were included for full-text review (n = 25). Of those, 15 were deemed relevant for data extraction. Results The majority of the studies were from the U.S. (n = 12) and cross-sectional (n = 14). Studies were published between 2014 and 2020 and focused on determining causal relationships that underlie disparities; only one study assessed HTP advertising and promotion. Exposure to e-cigarette and HTP advertising was assessed at the individual-level (e.g., recall seeing ads on television) and at the neighborhood-level (e.g., ad density at the point-of-sale). Studies addressed differences across age (n = 6), education (n = 2), sex (n = 6), gender identity and sexual orientation (n = 3), race/ethnicity (n = 11), SES (n = 5), and urban/rural (n = 2). The following populations were more likely to be exposed to e-cigarette advertising: youth, those with more than a high school diploma, males, sexual and gender minorities, Whites, and urban residents. At the neighborhood-level, e-cigarette advertisements were more prevalent in non-White neighborhoods. Conclusions Exposure to e-cigarette/HTP advertising varies based on sociodemographic characteristics, although the literature is limited especially regarding HTPs. Higher exposure among youth might increase tobacco-related disparities since it can lead to nicotine/tobacco use. Research should incorporate and apply a health equity lens from its inception to obtain data to inform the elimination of those disparities.

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