scholarly journals Total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in braised and crude Boletus edulis carpophores during various developmental stages

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Falandysz ◽  
Martyna Saba ◽  
Małgorzata Rutkowska ◽  
Piotr Konieczka
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large White ◽  
Boletus Edulis ◽  
Single Meal ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
First Time

AbstractWe collected and processed Boletus edulis (King Bolete) carpophores grouped in four batches based on their developmental stage (button stage, young—white, large—white, and large—yellow). The study aimed, for the first time, to examine the B. edulis content and effect of braising and to estimate the intake of total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) from a single meal based on whole (wet) weight (ww) and dry weight (dw). In braised carpophores, THg concentrations ranged from 0.2668 ± 0.0090 to 0.5434 ± 0.0071 mg kg−1 ww at different developmental stages, whereas crude products concentrations ranged from 0.1880 ± 0.0247 to 0.2929 ± 0.0030 mg kg−1 ww. The button stage crude carpophores were more highly contaminated with THg than at later stages of maturity, but MeHg levels were lower (p < 0.0001). On the other hand, braised button stage carpophores showed more MeHg than at later maturity stages. MeHg contributed at 1.9 ± 0.7% in THg in crude mushrooms and at 1.4 ± 0.3% in braised meals. The effect of braising was to increase the average THg and MeHg contents in fresh mushroom meals by 52 ± 31% and 53 ± 122% respectively, but a reduction of 40 ±14% and 40 ± 49% respectively was seen on a dw basis. The potential intakes of THg and MeHg from braised meals of B. edulis studied were small and considered safe. Graphical abstract

Problems of Growth of the African Migratory Locust

1938 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Duarte
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Hind Femur ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Cell Divisions ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Solitary Males ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Control Batch

General Growth.Generally, females have higher rates of growth than males. The phases, however, do not show appreciable differences in the rate. The pronotum has for increase in length the highest values which decrease throughout the instars (whereas the constants for the other parts remain fairly stable up to the fifth instar).Dyar's rule was applied for the growth in length of the middle femur and the width of the head, and it was found that the rule holds good for these parts.Przibram's rule, as modified by Bodenheimer, holds true for the growth in length of the different parts and shows the occurrence of latent cell-divisions varying from one (width of head and of pronotum) to four (length of pronotum). The number of latent cell-divisions keeps fairly constant in both phases.For wet weight Przibram's principle is inapplicable, owing to the large percentage of differences between the actual and calculated values.Gregarious males are heavier than solitary males up to the third stadium ; gregarious females are heavier than solitary females up to the third stadium ; fourth, fifth and adult stadia being characterized by higher values in wet weight for solitary females than for gregarious females. Females have higher rates of increase in wet weight than males. No significant differences exist in the rates of increase between gregarious and solitary individuals. In the fifth-adult stadium all the rates decrease except in gregarious females, which show a rise.Gregarious insects have higher values in dry weight than solitary insects, except solitary females in the adult stadium. The coefficients are higher for females than for males.The rates of increase reach the highest values in the second-third stadium of gregarious insects and solitary females, whereas solitary males have their highest value in the fourth-fifth stadium.With the exception of solitary females, all the rates of growth in dry weight decline in the fifth-adult stadium.The rates of growth of the hind legs obtained from the cube-roots of their wet weights are compared with the rates of linear growth of the hind femora. Their variation throughout the instars seems to be in opposite directions. Therefore it is suggested that the rates of growth in wet weight of the hind legs and the rates of growth in length of the respective hind femora are independent of each other.Growth of the parts.The application of the exponential allometry formula y=bxα to the data on dimensions of the parts of Locusta shows the existence of negative, positive and almost isometric growth.The pronotum has the highest value for the growth in length relatively to the growth in length of the middle femur ; the lowest value pertains to the growth in width of the head.Males have higher values than females ; phase gregaria exhibits higher growth-ratios than phase solitaria.With the exception of the hind femur the growth-ratios decline throughout the instars. The greatest decline pertains to the growth in length of the pronotum.A growth-gradient exists in Locusta with the highest value in the pronotum. The middle femur divides the growth-gradient into two parts : an anterior part with values decreasing with the growth of the insect, and a posterior part whose values increase with its growth.Effects of the amputation of the hind tibiae on crowded locusts.The effects obtained by mutilating both hind tibiae of three hundred first instar hoppers of Locusta migratoria migratorioides and placing them in a crowded condition are compared with the effects obtained by crowding a batch of the same number of first instar unoperated insects.The insects with their hind tibiae cut off did not develop as far as those of the control batch ; the differences in dimensions are greater for the hind femur than for the other parts of the body.In the experimental batch the hind femur, as a consequence of its useless condition, became extremely short as compared with the elytra, bringing the ratio E/F to a high value (over 1·950), thus leading to a false interpretation.The occurrence of the black-orange coloration in both batches suggested that both developed towards phase gregaria. This coloration was stronger and more uniform in the control batch than it was in the experimental batch. Thus the control animals developed into a better gregarious type.

scholarly journals Hg Levels in Marine Porifera of Montecristo and Giglio Islands (Tuscan Archipelago, Italy)

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4342
Author(s):  
Camilla Roveta ◽  
Daniela Pica ◽  
Barbara Calcinai ◽  
Federico Girolametti ◽  
Cristina Truzzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Additional Data ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mercury Content ◽  
Mediterranean Species ◽  
Direct Mercury Analyzer ◽  
Mercury Analyzer ◽  
Main Input ◽  
First Time

Porifera are filter-feeding organisms known to bioaccumulate different contaminants in their tissues. The presence of mercury (Hg) has been reported in different Mediterranean species, mainly collected in the southern coast of France. In the present study, mercury concentrations in the tissue of the sponges of Montecristo and Giglio, two islands of Tuscany Archipelago National Park (TANP), are presented for the first time. Analyses of total mercury content were performed by Direct Mercury Analyzer. Statistical differences have been reported in the Hg concentrations of species collected in both islands, but they do not appear related to the anthropic impacts of the islands. Among the collected species, a high intra- and inter-variability have been recorded, with Cliona viridis showing the lowest concentration (0.0167–0.033 mg·kg−1 dry weight), and Chondrosia reniformis and Sarcotragus spinosulus the highest (0.57 ± 0.15 and 0.64 ± 0.01 mg·kg−1 dry weight, respectively). The variability of Hg measured did not allow us to identify sponges as bioindicators of toxic elements. Anyway, these results improve knowledge on the ecosystem of the TANP, underlining the species-specificity of metal concentrations for Porifera, and providing additional data to address the main input of the Marine Strategy guidelines to protect coasts, seas and oceans.

scholarly journals The swine spatiotemporal H3K27ac spectrum provides novel resources for exploring gene regulation related to complex traits and fundamental biological process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lusheng Huang ◽  
Yaling Zhu ◽  
Zhimin Zhou ◽  
Tao Huang ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Large White ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Causal Genes ◽  
Fundamental Biological Process ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Causal Variants

The limited knowledge of genomic non-coding and regulatory regions has limited our ability to decipher the genetic mechanisms underlying complex traits in pigs. In this study, we characterize the spatiotemporal landscape of putative enhancers and promoters and their target genes by combining H3K27ac targeted ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq in fetal (day 74-75 pc) and adult (day 132-150 pn) tissues (brain, liver, heart, muscle and small intestine) sampled from Asian aboriginal Bamaxiang and European highly selected Large White pigs of both sexes. We identify 101,290 H3K27ac peaks marking 18,521 promoters and 82,769 enhancers, including peaks that are active across all tissues and developmental stages could indicate safe harbors for exogenous gene insertion, and tissue and developmental-stage specific peaks that regulate genes pathways matching tissue and developmental stage specific physiological functions. We found H3K27ac and DNA methylation in the promoter region of the XIST gene may involve in X chromosome inactivation, and demonstrate utility of the present resource to reveal regulatory patterns of known causal genes and to prioritize candidate causal variants for complex traits in pigs. We have developed a web browser to improve the accessibility of the results (http://39.108.231.116/browser/?genome=susScr11).

scholarly journals The use of chemical and instrumental methods in the study of the forms of occurrence of sulfides in bottom sediments

2021 ◽  
Vol 265 ◽  
pp. 02013
Author(s):  
Yury A. Fedorov ◽  
Dmitry N. Garkusha ◽  
Leonid Yu. Dmitrik ◽  
Boris V. Talpa ◽  
Anna V. Mikhailenko
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Diagenesis ◽  
Oily Sludge ◽  
Iron Sulfides ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Instrumental Methods ◽  
First Time

On the example of the estuary of the Mius River - the mouth of the Mius River, the Mius estuary, the Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea, a complex of chemical and instrumental methods was applied, including those developed by the authors. This made it possible to study the physicochemical parameters, the content of total hydrogen sulphide, the form of occurrence of sulfides, the total content of iron and their behavior in the bottom sediments of early diagenesis. Bottom sediments were formed at negative Eh values. Sulfides in bottom sediments are mainly in the form of molecular hydrogen sulfide and acid-soluble iron sulfides. The content of total hydrogen sulfide varied within wide limits, reaching 3.2 mg/g of wet weight, and of gross iron - from 25.4 to 45.1 mg/g dry weight. A significant relationship was found between the content of sulfide sulfur and gross iron. The presence of hydrotroilite was identified by the typical smell of hydrogen sulfide, black color, oily sludge, lack of magnetic properties and by visual study of its formations using electron microscopy. Under a microscope, images of coacervates (colloidal accumulations) of hydrotroilite of a round-ellipsoidal shape (lenticular), from gray to black, mercury-like, were obtained in a wet preparation. It was established for the first time that hydrotroilite exists in the natural environment as a gel-like substance capable of moving in the bottom of sediments. Upon collision, small formations coalesced into larger globules. The important role of hydrotroilite as a mercury accumulator in the early diagenesis of bottom sediments is shown.

Mecury Concentrations in Ten Species of Australian Waterfowl (Family Anatidae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 387 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Bacher ◽  
FI Norman
Keyword(s):  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Black Duck ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Total mercury concentrations in wing muscle of 10 species of waterfowl (Anatidae) collected during 1977 and 1978 in south-eastern Australia ranged from 0.08 � 0.04 (mean � SD) g g-1 wet weight in Australian shelduck Tadorna tadornoides and Pacific black duck Anas superciliosa, to 0.17 � 0.08 g g-1 in freckled duck Stictonetta naevosa. No significant differences in concentrations of mercury in muscle were found between sexes or between juvenile and adult birds. Total mercury concentrations in feathers were 3.01 � 0.09 g g-1 dry weight in Pacific black duck and 3.27 � 1.11 g g-1 in grey teal Anas gibberifrons. A significant positive correlation (r= 0.7783; P<0.01) was found between mercury concentrations in wing muscles and feathers of Pacific black duck.

Physiological variation between tree-associated populations of Suillus granulatus as determined by in vitro mycorrhizal synthesis experiments

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn M. Jacobson ◽  
Orson K. Miller Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Host Specificity ◽  
Pinus Densiflora ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Pinus Wallichiana ◽  
Mycorrhizal Synthesis ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Wet Weight

Mycorrhizal synthesis studies revealed that allopatric populations of Suillus granulatus differ in host specificity. Isolates of Suillus granulatus originated from Nepal (associated with Pinus wallichiana), Korea (Pinus densiflora), and the U.S.A. (Pinus strobus). Functional compatibility of the mycorrhizal association was used to measure host specificity. Useful characters for measuring mycorrhizal compatibility were defined as those which revealed statistical differences between the uninoculated controls and mycorrhizal treatments and which were stable within one population. Useful characters, as defined by these two tests, were shoot wet weight, total wet weight, percentage mycorrhizal short roots, shoot dry weight, total dry weight, and Hartig net penetration. Data for these characters were subsequently used in anova tests to determine whether allopatric populations of Suillus granulatus differ in functional compatibility. Isolates associated with Pinus strobus were most compatible with Pinus strobus and least compatible with the other trees, whereas isolates from Pinus wallichiana and Pinus densiflora showed variable compatibility with all three trees. Phenetic analyses used to determine how similarly the isolates responded with the hosts confirmed these results. We conclude that isolates associated with Pinus strobus are most specific for this host, whereas isolates from the other two trees are not host specific. The implications of these results are discussed in light of future investigations regarding the relatedness of these tree-associated isolates. Key words: Boletaceae, Suillus, Pinus, ectomycorrhizae.

Survival and apoptosis rates after vitrification in cryotop devices of in vitro-produced calf and cow blastocysts at different developmental stages

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roser Morató ◽  
Dolors Izquierdo ◽  
Maria Teresa Paramio ◽  
Teresa Mogas
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Embryo Culture ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dna Integrity ◽  
Integrity Index ◽  
High Degree

Two experiments were designed to determine the ability of in vitro-cultured blastocysts at different stages of development to survive the vitrification procedure using cryotop devices. Day 7 and Day 8 embryos were classified as non-expanded, expanded or hatching and/or hatched blastocysts. In the first experiment, we examined the survival rate of vitrified–warmed blastocysts after 3 h incubation in synthetic oviducal fluid (SOF) medium. In the second experiment, vitrified–warmed blastocysts were evaluated using the terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP–digoxigenin nick end-labelling (TUNEL) technique to detect nuclei with damaged DNA. In both experiments, results for cow and calf blastocysts were compared. No differences in survival rates were observed after vitrification of Day 8 expanded (52.4%) and hatched (50%) cow blastocysts or Day 8 expanded (54.5%) and hatched (59.4%) calf blastocysts. When embryos were vitrified on Day 7, survival rates of 78.4% and 66.7% were observed after warming expanded and hatched cow blastocysts, respectively, compared with rates of 80% and 76.9%, respectively, for calf blastocysts. Lowest survival rates were recorded for non-expanded blastocysts (26%–54%) compared with the other developmental stages, particularly those vitrified at Day 8 (≤40%). The DNA integrity index obtained after vitrification–warming was comparable to that for control fresh blastocysts, regardless of the length of embryo culture, the developmental stage of the embryo or the source of the oocytes. Our findings suggest that the cryotop vitrification method is particularly useful for the cryopreservation of blastocysts presenting with a high degree of expansion (expanded or hatched blastocysts), particularly when vitrification is performed after 7 days of in vitro embryo culture.

scholarly journals Mercury concentration in bivalve molluscs

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef Szkoda ◽  
Maciej Durkalec ◽  
Agnieszka Nawrocka ◽  
Mirosław Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Total Mercury ◽  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Proficiency Tests ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Quality Assurance Programme ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Wet Weight

AbstractA total of 85 mussel samples of eight species were examined. Analysis of mercury in the freeze-dried samples was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry method using direct mercury analyser AMA 254. The analytical procedure for determination of mercury was covered by the quality assurance programme of research and participation in national and international proficiency tests. Concentrations of total mercury in all investigated samples were found to be generally low, in the range of 0.033-0.577 mg/kg of dry weight and of 0.003-0.045 mg/kg of wet weight. The results indicate that obtained levels of mercury in bivalve molluscs are not likely to pose a risk to the health of consumers.

Reproduction in the gilt 7. Exposure of young gilts to the same mature boar and relocation: effects on the attainment of puberty

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa R. Eastham ◽  
D. J. A. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Line Contact ◽  
Large White ◽  
Full Contact ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fence Line

ABSTRACTTwenty-four Landrace × (Landrace × Large White) gilts were randomly allocated at a mean age of 70 days to each of two rearing treatments which were: (1) housing gilts with other gilts but in complete isolation from other pigs; or (2) housing gilts with fence-line contact with a mature boar. At 160 days of age all gilts were relocated, treatment 1 gilts being adjacent to a mature boar for the first time while treatment 2 gilts were adjacent to the same mature boar with which they had had contact during rearing. In addition, the gilts on each treatment were exposed to full contact with this boar for 30 min/day. There were no significant differences between the treatments in age (176 and 185 days) or weight at puberty (81·9 and 82·6 kg), in the interval from relocation and full boar contact to puberty (11 and 16 days) and in ovulation rate at the pubertal oestrus (11·6 and 11·5).In a second experiment, 72 gilts were reared with fence-line contact with a mature boar and at 160 days of age, half were relocated adjacent to a novel mature boar and the other half remained in the rearing house next to a novel boar with all gilts receiving full boar contact for 30 min/day. Significantly more relocated gilts reached puberty during the experimental period (25/32) than gilts which were only exposed to contact with a novel boar and not relocated (12/31) (P < 0·001) and those relocated gilts were significantly younger (187 v. 225 days; P < 0·001) and lighter (75·4 v. 93·9 kg; P < 0·001) at puberty and the induction interval was significantly shorter (20 v. 89 days; P < 0·001) compared with gilts on the second treatment.

scholarly journals Bulblet Differentiation after Scale Propagation of Lilium longiflorum

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo A. Marinangeli ◽  
Luis F. Hernández ◽  
Cecilia P. Pellegrini ◽  
Néstor R. Curvetto
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Lilium Longiflorum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Base Width ◽  
The Ideal

External, middle and inner scales in parent bulbs were studied to evaluate bulblet differentiation in Lilium longiflorum Thunb. during scale propagation at 25 °C. A 13-stage developmental process describes different steps including preprimordial, primordial, and bulblet formation. For all scales, preprimordial and primordial stages occurred within the first 4 days. The differentiation process depended on parent scale position. Most bulblets arising from external scales developed three true scales after 30 days while bulblets from middle scales formed four true scales. Homogeneity in the morphology of the parent scales, only shown in the middle ones, was associated with a rapid change in developmental stage for the population of bulblets. Inner scales showed few bulblets with three and four true scales, the rest remaining at earlier developmental stages. Bulblet production decreased from external to internal scales: 2.6, 2.2, and 1.2 bulblets per scale, respectively, and showed a positive correlation with the scale base width. Maximum scale weight and surface area and maximum bulblet fresh and dry weight occurred in the middle scales. We conclude that middle scales are the ideal starting material for experimental uses involving scaling propagation. For production purposes, the external scales, in addition to the middle scales, must also be included for propagation.

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